{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002852021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1377943.1377957","title":"Got predictability?","display_name":"Got predictability?","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002852021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1377943.1377957","mag":"2002852021"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1377943.1377957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1377943.1377957","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2007 ACM/IFIP/USENIX international conference on Middleware companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033409139","display_name":"Tudor Dumitra\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-7226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tudor Dumitra\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071484632","display_name":"Priya Narasimhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9100-0943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priya Narasimhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033409139"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10725573,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8222145438194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictability","display_name":"Predictability","score":0.6953648924827576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6577765345573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.5981785655021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middleware","display_name":"Middleware (distributed applications)","score":0.5808585286140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backup","display_name":"Backup","score":0.5807359218597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5301343202590942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replication","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","score":0.4554348886013031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4383798837661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibm","display_name":"IBM","score":0.4219586253166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.38069015741348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33047544956207275}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8222145438194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.6953648924827576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6577765345573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.5981785655021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169468491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146923","display_name":"Middleware (distributed applications)","level":2,"score":0.5808585286140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.5807359218597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5301343202590942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4554348886013031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4383798837661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.4219586253166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.38069015741348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33047544956207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1377943.1377957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1377943.1377957","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2007 ACM/IFIP/USENIX international conference on Middleware companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529619620","https://openalex.org/W1554130893","https://openalex.org/W1557024339","https://openalex.org/W1581766414","https://openalex.org/W2077843577","https://openalex.org/W2096701070","https://openalex.org/W2127922713","https://openalex.org/W2130408073","https://openalex.org/W2152465173","https://openalex.org/W2912536603","https://openalex.org/W3108892185","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4386706516"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2955195711","https://openalex.org/W2726467123","https://openalex.org/W2064726690","https://openalex.org/W4252678288","https://openalex.org/W4254065731","https://openalex.org/W1607297154","https://openalex.org/W2354454611","https://openalex.org/W4210820789","https://openalex.org/W4237782192","https://openalex.org/W2913177154"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unpredictability":[0],"in":[1,24,160,167,236],"COTS-based":[2],"systems":[3,238],"often":[4],"manifests":[5],"as":[6,255],"occasional":[7],"instances":[8],"of":[9,16,33,70,103,163,204,219,225,242,259],"uncontrollably-high":[10],"response":[11],"times.":[12],"A":[13],"particular":[14],"category":[15],"COTS":[17],"systems,":[18],"fault-tolerant":[19],"(FT)":[20],"middleware,":[21],"is":[22,32,198,210,232],"used":[23,41],"critical":[25,243],"enterprise":[26],"and":[27,123,134,165,209,239],"embedded":[28],"applications":[29,245],"where":[30],"predictability":[31,231],"paramount":[34],"importance.":[35],"Our":[36],"prior":[37],"empirical":[38,78],"study,":[39],"which":[40],"a":[42,57,97,106,117,135,183,189],"client-server":[43],"microbenchmark,":[44],"suggested":[45],"that":[46,60,86,153,229,240],"hard":[47,54,233],"bounds":[48,250],"for":[49,146,251],"the":[50,61,71,147,161,170,177,201,205,214,217,223,256,260],"maximum":[51],"latency":[52,172],"are":[53,174],"to":[55,66,180,200,234],"establish":[56],"priori,":[58],"but":[59],"unpredictability":[62,154,197],"may":[63,155],"be":[64,157],"confined":[65,199],"less":[67],"than":[68,176],"1%":[69,203],"requests.":[72],"In":[73],"this":[74,91],"paper,":[75],"we":[76],"present":[77],"data,":[79],"from":[80,105,116,182],"7":[81,101,195],"different":[82],"three-tier,":[83],"FT-middleware":[84,237],"applications,":[85,196],"shows":[87,152],"strong":[88],"evidence":[89],"supporting":[90],"\"magical":[92],"1%\"":[93],"hypothesis.":[94],"We":[95],"conducted":[96],"controlled":[98],"experiment":[99,151],"with":[100,213],"teams":[102],"students":[104],"graduate-level":[107],"course":[108],"at":[109],"Carnegie":[110],"Mellon":[111],"University.":[112],"Each":[113],"team,":[114],"starting":[115],"common":[118],"three-tier":[119],"architecture,":[120],"independently":[121],"implemented":[122],"evaluated":[124],"an":[125],"original":[126],"application":[127],"using":[128],"middleware":[129],"(either":[130],"CORBA":[131],"or":[132,143,222],"EJB)":[133],"custom-implemented":[136],"fault-tolerance":[137],"mechanism":[138],"(relying":[139],"on":[140,248],"either":[141],"state-machine":[142],"primary-backup":[144],"replication)":[145],"middle-tier":[148],"server.":[149],"This":[150,227],"not":[156,211],"avoidable,":[158],"even":[159],"absence":[162],"faults,":[164],"that,":[166,192],"some":[168],"cases,":[169],"random":[171],"outliers":[173],"larger":[175],"time":[178],"needed":[179],"recover":[181],"fault.":[184],"The":[185],"data":[186],"also":[187],"reveals":[188],"statistically-significant":[190],"result":[191],"across":[193],"all":[194],"highest":[202],"recorded":[206],"end-to-end":[207],"latencies":[208],"correlated":[212],"request":[215],"rate,":[216],"size":[218],"messages":[220],"exchanged":[221],"number":[224],"clients.":[226],"suggests":[228],"strict":[230],"achieve":[235],"developers":[241],"FT":[244],"should":[246],"focus":[247],"guaranteeing":[249],"statistical":[252],"measures,":[253],"such":[254],"99th":[257],"percentile":[258],"latency.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
