{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2115789261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1375457.1375482","title":"In search of the elusive ground truth","display_name":"In search of the elusive ground truth","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2115789261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1375457.1375482","mag":"2115789261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1375457.1375482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1375457.1375482","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104063808","display_name":"Ricardo V. Oliveira","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo V. Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046419834","display_name":"Dan Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5113-838X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["AT&T Labs Research, Florham Park, NJ, USA","AT&T Labs---Research, Florham Park, NJ, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Labs Research, Florham Park, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Labs---Research, Florham Park, NJ, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082255432","display_name":"Walter Willinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1384-8188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter Willinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["AT&T Labs Research, Florham Park, NJ, USA","AT&T Labs---Research, Florham Park, NJ, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Labs Research, Florham Park, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Labs---Research, Florham Park, NJ, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050010654","display_name":"Beichuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5333-8465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beichuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116294214","display_name":"Lixia Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-4500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.6963,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":124,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99652908,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"217","last_page":"228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.7241482734680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.7171252369880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7079488039016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5928846001625061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-topology","display_name":"Internet topology","score":0.5817484259605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5450246334075928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.544501006603241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.48906880617141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-ground","display_name":"Common ground","score":0.4796491265296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3496027886867523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3378082811832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16294297575950623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.15993976593017578}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.7241482734680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.7171252369880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7079488039016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5928846001625061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99237066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092610","display_name":"Internet topology","level":3,"score":0.5817484259605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5450246334075928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.544501006603241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.48906880617141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777877512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1116097","display_name":"Common ground","level":2,"score":0.4796491265296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3496027886867523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3378082811832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16294297575950623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.15993976593017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1375457.1375482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1375457.1375482","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139934751","https://openalex.org/W178528476","https://openalex.org/W1574986862","https://openalex.org/W1978174042","https://openalex.org/W1985977780","https://openalex.org/W1999507172","https://openalex.org/W2037118863","https://openalex.org/W2044725071","https://openalex.org/W2049248012","https://openalex.org/W2050353626","https://openalex.org/W2085963983","https://openalex.org/W2104941874","https://openalex.org/W2108673686","https://openalex.org/W2109311852","https://openalex.org/W2120652359","https://openalex.org/W2123117910","https://openalex.org/W2123433756","https://openalex.org/W2123491545","https://openalex.org/W2133396782","https://openalex.org/W2134313999","https://openalex.org/W2145582227","https://openalex.org/W2145721479","https://openalex.org/W2149449925","https://openalex.org/W2151972741","https://openalex.org/W2160565743","https://openalex.org/W2161159676","https://openalex.org/W2162695692","https://openalex.org/W2164066487","https://openalex.org/W2167659338","https://openalex.org/W2167677198","https://openalex.org/W2168896238","https://openalex.org/W2170888255","https://openalex.org/W3121379941","https://openalex.org/W4248920304","https://openalex.org/W4251650116","https://openalex.org/W6605684606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546315632","https://openalex.org/W1901124962","https://openalex.org/W2486181377","https://openalex.org/W8712222","https://openalex.org/W4307535225","https://openalex.org/W2741261481","https://openalex.org/W2905544777","https://openalex.org/W1529001921","https://openalex.org/W2373581342","https://openalex.org/W2358995923"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"significant":[1],"efforts":[2],"to":[3,70,169],"obtain":[4],"an":[5],"accurate":[6],"picture":[7],"of":[8,17,28,31,52,60,63,75,82,113,140,146],"the":[9,15,29,32,42,50,53,72,80,96,114,121,144],"Internet's":[10],"actual":[11,115],"connectivity":[12,78],"structure":[13],"at":[14],"level":[16],"individual":[18],"autonomous":[19],"systems":[20],"(ASes),":[21],"much":[22],"has":[23],"remained":[24],"unknown":[25],"in":[26,135],"terms":[27],"quality":[30,51],"inferred":[33,54,100,122,148],"AS":[34,149,153],"maps":[35,56,102,150],"that":[36],"have":[37],"been":[38],"widely":[39],"used":[40],"by":[41,120],"research":[43],"community.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46],"paper":[47],"we":[48],"assess":[49],"Internet":[55,77,178],"through":[57],"case":[58,66],"studies":[59,67],"a":[61,92],"set":[62,81],"ASes.":[64],"These":[65],"allow":[68],"us":[69],"establish":[71],"ground":[73,97],"truth":[74,98],"AS-level":[76],"between":[79,95],"ASes":[83],"and":[84,99,103,124,129,175],"their":[85],"directly":[86],"connected":[87],"neighbors.":[88],"They":[89],"also":[90,167],"enable":[91],"direct":[93],"comparison":[94],"topology":[101,116,154,179],"yield":[104],"new":[105,170],"insights":[106,166],"into":[107],"questions":[108],"such":[109],"as":[110],"which":[111,125],"parts":[112,126],"are":[117,127,158],"adequately":[118],"captured":[119],"maps,":[123],"missing":[128],"why.":[130],"This":[131],"information":[132],"is":[133],"critical":[134],"assessing":[136],"for":[137],"what":[138],"kinds":[139],"real-world":[141],"networking":[142],"problems":[143],"use":[145],"currently":[147],"or":[151,157],"proposed":[152],"models":[155],"are,":[156],"not,":[159],"appropriate.":[160],"More":[161],"importantly,":[162],"our":[163],"newly":[164],"gained":[165],"point":[168],"directions":[171],"towards":[172],"building":[173],"realistic":[174],"economically":[176],"viable":[177],"maps.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}