{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2109903307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1352793.1352860","title":"Using nearest covering codes to embed secret information in grayscale images","display_name":"Using nearest covering codes to embed secret information in grayscale images","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2109903307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1352793.1352860","mag":"2109903307"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1352793.1352860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1352793.1352860","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Ubiquitous information management and communication","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038550838","display_name":"Chin\u2010Chen Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7319-5780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chin-Chen Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109479555","display_name":"The Duc Kieu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"The Duc Kieu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055481837","display_name":"Yung\u2010Chen Chou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5956-1820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yung-Chen Chou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038550838"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12176865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"315","last_page":"320"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.8738536834716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.7808742523193359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7416966557502747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.737276017665863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.6851274967193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6219933032989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5511106252670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48972418904304504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4814293086528778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4769405424594879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4140966534614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.41196563839912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3231310248374939}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.8738536834716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.7808742523193359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7416966557502747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.737276017665863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6851274967193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6219933032989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5511106252670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48972418904304504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4814293086528778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4769405424594879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4140966534614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41196563839912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3231310248374939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1352793.1352860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1352793.1352860","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Ubiquitous information management and communication","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559343931","https://openalex.org/W1568107467","https://openalex.org/W1760530029","https://openalex.org/W2118296934","https://openalex.org/W2147900906","https://openalex.org/W2160403911","https://openalex.org/W2168502427","https://openalex.org/W4206775542","https://openalex.org/W4232603457","https://openalex.org/W6681894544"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3203504906","https://openalex.org/W2497446005","https://openalex.org/W3190769222","https://openalex.org/W2171676767","https://openalex.org/W4312890355","https://openalex.org/W2189589914","https://openalex.org/W2119567889","https://openalex.org/W83713408","https://openalex.org/W1691631808","https://openalex.org/W4293373802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,74],"good":[1,140],"visual":[2,141],"quality":[3,142],"of":[4,11,23,35,76,85,93,123,143],"stego":[5,144],"images":[6],"is":[7,80],"an":[8],"important":[9],"property":[10],"information":[12,61],"hiding":[13,62],"systems.":[14],"This":[15],"can":[16,47],"be":[17,48],"achieved":[18],"by":[19,89],"reducing":[20],"the":[21,27,91,96,121,124,135],"number":[22],"steganographic":[24],"modifications":[25],"during":[26],"secret":[28,52,67,78],"data":[29,40,116],"embedding":[30,41,117],"phase.":[31],"For":[32],"concerning":[33],"applications":[34],"mobile":[36,128],"devices,":[37],"a":[38,59,66,70,83,99,111,139],"simple":[39],"method":[42,63,105,137],"with":[43,98],"low":[44],"power":[45],"consuming":[46],"used":[49],"to":[50,64,109],"embed":[51,65],"data.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"propose":[58],"novel":[60],"message":[68],"into":[69,82],"grayscale":[71],"cover":[72,87],"image.":[73],"segment":[75],"three":[77],"bits":[79],"embedded":[81],"group":[84,97],"seven":[86],"pixels":[88,94],"replacing":[90],"LSBs":[92],"in":[95],"suitable":[100,112],"covering":[101],"code.":[102],"The":[103,130],"proposed":[104,136],"applies":[106],"XOR":[107],"operations":[108],"find":[110],"bit":[113],"pattern":[114],"for":[115,127],"and":[118],"significantly":[119],"reduces":[120],"cost":[122],"chips":[125],"requirement":[126],"devices.":[129],"experimental":[131],"results":[132],"show":[133],"that":[134],"achieves":[138],"images.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}