{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2067450201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1344471.1344506","title":"Calibration-free eye tracking by reconstruction of the pupil ellipse in 3D space","display_name":"Calibration-free eye tracking by reconstruction of the pupil ellipse in 3D space","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2067450201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1344471.1344506","mag":"2067450201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1344471.1344506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1344471.1344506","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications  - ETRA '08","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062876357","display_name":"Stefan Kohlbecher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Kohlbecher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054587469","display_name":"Stanislavs Bardinst","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanislavs Bardinst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004745481","display_name":"Klaus Bartl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Bartl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080079177","display_name":"Erich Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1039-9783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erich Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059612593","display_name":"Tony Poitschke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Poitschke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University Munich","Technical University Munich#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University Munich","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University Munich#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061100316","display_name":"Markus Abla\u00dfmeier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Ablassmeier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University Munich","Technical University Munich#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University Munich","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University Munich#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9485,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94517626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"135","last_page":"135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.8397505283355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.8171790242195129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7485819458961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ellipse","display_name":"Ellipse","score":0.6909229159355164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6837445497512817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.6139928698539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5700209140777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5601165890693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.49857664108276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.48001188039779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.47783732414245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.45496708154678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bittorrent-tracker","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","score":0.4334474205970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.26654255390167236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23748716711997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10468718409538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.0790717601776123}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.8397505283355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.8171790242195129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7485819458961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74261601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40112","display_name":"Ellipse","level":2,"score":0.6909229159355164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6837445497512817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6139928698539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5700209140777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5601165890693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.49857664108276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.48001188039779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.47783732414245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.45496708154678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57501372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2021268","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","level":3,"score":0.4334474205970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.26654255390167236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23748716711997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10468718409538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0790717601776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1344471.1344506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1344471.1344506","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications  - ETRA '08","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.364.5207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.364.5207","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mmk.ei.tum.de/publ/pdf/08/08koh1.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562898681","https://openalex.org/W1975698725","https://openalex.org/W1990050635","https://openalex.org/W2027363175","https://openalex.org/W2095614026","https://openalex.org/W2170047537"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2110614960","https://openalex.org/W2480793735","https://openalex.org/W4384788979","https://openalex.org/W2511178891","https://openalex.org/W2126676984","https://openalex.org/W178060743","https://openalex.org/W2909390414","https://openalex.org/W2954509079","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"video-based":[1],"eye":[2],"trackers":[3],"require":[4],"a":[5,14,45],"calibration":[6,81],"procedure":[7],"before":[8],"measurement":[9],"onset.":[10],"In":[11],"this":[12],"work":[13],"stereo":[15,48],"approach":[16],"is":[17,32,61],"presented":[18],"that":[19,58,82],"yields":[20],"the":[21,26,36,51,56,59,64,68,76,79,84],"position":[22],"and":[23,43],"orientation":[24],"of":[25,39,50,70],"pupil":[27,37,53,65],"in":[28],"3D":[29],"space.":[30],"This":[31],"achieved":[33],"by":[34,44],"analyzing":[35],"images":[38],"two":[40],"calibrated":[41],"cameras":[42],"subsequent":[46],"closed-form":[47],"reconstruction":[49],"original":[52],"surface.":[54],"Under":[55],"assumption":[57],"gaze-vector":[60],"parallel":[62],"to":[63,86],"normal":[66],"vector,":[67],"line":[69],"sight":[71],"can":[72],"be":[73],"calculated":[74],"without":[75],"need":[77],"for":[78],"usual":[80],"requires":[83],"user":[85],"fixate":[87],"targets":[88],"with":[89],"known":[90],"spatial":[91],"locations.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}