{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2173213060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1327452.1327492","title":"MapReduce","display_name":"MapReduce","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2173213060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1327452.1327492","mag":"2173213060"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1327452.1327492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1327452.1327492","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F1327452.1327492&file=p107-dean.jp.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F1327452.1327492&file=p107-dean.jp.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043872671","display_name":"Jay B. Dean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Dean","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012998255","display_name":"Sanjay Ghemawat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6843-3093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Ghemawat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043872671"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2102.8939,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18482,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"1","first_page":"107","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petabyte","display_name":"Petabyte","score":0.9152945280075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8925561904907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5662506818771362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5441691279411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.5378875136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4425894618034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3977789282798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.38476651906967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3548569679260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.32425105571746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15563496947288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1353224515914917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13600138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Petabyte","level":3,"score":0.9152945280075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8925561904907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5662506818771362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5441691279411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.5378875136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4425894618034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3977789282798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.38476651906967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3548569679260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.32425105571746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15563496947288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1353224515914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1327452.1327492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1327452.1327492","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F1327452.1327492&file=p107-dean.jp.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1327452.1327492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1327452.1327492","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F1327452.1327492&file=p107-dean.jp.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2173213060.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2173213060.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510543252","https://openalex.org/W1776654319","https://openalex.org/W1988243929","https://openalex.org/W2026015769","https://openalex.org/W2044534358","https://openalex.org/W2045271686","https://openalex.org/W2058972589","https://openalex.org/W2073965851","https://openalex.org/W2082693041","https://openalex.org/W2087977509","https://openalex.org/W2104644701","https://openalex.org/W2109722477","https://openalex.org/W2119565742","https://openalex.org/W2122465391","https://openalex.org/W2133338501","https://openalex.org/W2133718097","https://openalex.org/W2143462372","https://openalex.org/W2148317584","https://openalex.org/W2159761515","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W4238584892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2936171637","https://openalex.org/W1586214342","https://openalex.org/W2260589296","https://openalex.org/W2990494149","https://openalex.org/W3157828377","https://openalex.org/W4290059108","https://openalex.org/W3088424364","https://openalex.org/W3197931669","https://openalex.org/W2492887588","https://openalex.org/W2066208787"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"MapReduce":[0,80,100],"is":[1,16],"a":[2,19,32,35,110],"programming":[3],"model":[4],"and":[5,11,34,38,55,66,93],"an":[6,94],"associated":[7],"implementation":[8],"for":[9],"processing":[10,109],"generating":[12],"large":[13],"datasets":[14],"that":[15],"amenable":[17],"to":[18,59,73],"broad":[20],"variety":[21],"of":[22,31,50,63,96,112,117],"real-world":[23],"tasks.":[24],"Users":[25],"specify":[26],"the":[27,39,45,64,70,89],"computation":[28,46],"in":[29],"terms":[30],"map":[33],"reduce":[36],"function,":[37],"underlying":[40],"runtime":[41],"system":[42,71],"automatically":[43],"parallelizes":[44],"across":[47],"large-scale":[48],"clusters":[49,106],"machines,":[51],"handles":[52],"machine":[53],"failures,":[54],"schedules":[56],"inter-machine":[57],"communication":[58],"make":[60],"efficient":[61],"use":[62],"network":[65],"disks.":[67],"Programmers":[68],"find":[69],"easy":[72],"use:":[74],"more":[75,113],"than":[76,114],"ten":[77],"thousand":[78,99],"distinct":[79],"programs":[81],"have":[82],"been":[83],"implemented":[84],"internally":[85],"at":[86],"Google":[87],"over":[88],"past":[90],"four":[91],"years,":[92],"average":[95],"one":[97],"hundred":[98],"jobs":[101],"are":[102],"executed":[103],"on":[104],"Google's":[105],"every":[107],"day,":[108],"total":[111],"twenty":[115],"petabytes":[116],"data":[118],"per":[119],"day.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":352},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":356},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":382},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":462},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":677},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":890},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1197},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1380},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1488},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1810},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2004},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1921},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1676},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1338}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}