{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2105410756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1322192.1322202","title":"How to distinguish posed from spontaneous smiles using geometric features","display_name":"How to distinguish posed from spontaneous smiles using geometric features","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2105410756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1322192.1322202","mag":"2105410756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1322192.1322202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1322192.1322202","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089151131","display_name":"Michel Valstar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2414-161X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michel F. Valstar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060090893","display_name":"Hatice G\u00fcne\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2407-3012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hatice Gunes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia","University of Technology Sydney, Sydney (Australia)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology Sydney, Sydney (Australia)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016033078","display_name":"Maja Panti\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3620-5986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maja Pantic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London (UK) & Universiteit Twente (NL), London, United Kingdom","Imperial College London (UK) & Universiteit Twente (NL), London, United Kingdom#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London (UK) & Universiteit Twente (NL), London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London (UK) & Universiteit Twente (NL), London, United Kingdom#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089151131"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.8112,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":202,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99172818,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"38","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.7422735691070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6676225066184998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6611261963844299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.6101808547973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4751458168029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47103315591812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4681057631969452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4453168213367462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.42925459146499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.42428362369537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.4205617308616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.4173911511898041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.41592296957969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.412866473197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20206359028816223}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.7422735691070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6676225066184998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6611261963844299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.6101808547973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4751458168029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47103315591812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4681057631969452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4453168213367462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.42925459146499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.42428362369537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.4205617308616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4173911511898041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.41592296957969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.412866473197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20206359028816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1322192.1322202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1322192.1322202","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/7e65cc2c-d5c3-4da3-86f0-64f30c3f4faa","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/7e65cc2c-d5c3-4da3-86f0-64f30c3f4faa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Valstar, M F, Gunes, H & Pantic, M 2007, How to Distinguish Posed from Spontaneous Smiles using Geometric Features. in Proceedings of ACM Int'l Conf. Multimodal Interfaces (ICMI'07)., 10.1145/1322192.1322202, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp. 38-45, 9th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, ICMI 2007, Nagoya, Japan, 12/11/07. https://doi.org/10.1145/1322192.1322202","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.135.8224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.135.8224","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~maja/ICMI07-ValstarEtAl-FINAL.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/7295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/7295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:publications/7e65cc2c-d5c3-4da3-86f0-64f30c3f4faa","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.eemcs.utwente.nl/secure2/11668/01/ICMI07-ValstarEtAl-FINAL.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486459334","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1981395202","https://openalex.org/W1997396624","https://openalex.org/W2028975938","https://openalex.org/W2053907973","https://openalex.org/W2071954570","https://openalex.org/W2089594500","https://openalex.org/W2101965618","https://openalex.org/W2102985871","https://openalex.org/W2108385997","https://openalex.org/W2109626108","https://openalex.org/W2114723688","https://openalex.org/W2118361060","https://openalex.org/W2127462305","https://openalex.org/W2127749082","https://openalex.org/W2130013064","https://openalex.org/W2131189471","https://openalex.org/W2131462465","https://openalex.org/W2131598171","https://openalex.org/W2132963939","https://openalex.org/W2137409775","https://openalex.org/W2149731110","https://openalex.org/W2155799207","https://openalex.org/W2164693396","https://openalex.org/W2166835339","https://openalex.org/W2167955297","https://openalex.org/W2173219554","https://openalex.org/W6635087628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W73545470","https://openalex.org/W4224266612","https://openalex.org/W2383394264","https://openalex.org/W4320153225","https://openalex.org/W4293261942","https://openalex.org/W3125968744","https://openalex.org/W2167701463","https://openalex.org/W2110287964","https://openalex.org/W4307407935","https://openalex.org/W649759291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"distinction":[1],"between":[2,53],"posed":[3,21,54,168],"and":[4,42,55,63,73,84,111,120,148,151,159,170],"spontaneous":[5,23,56,174],"expressions":[6,24],"is":[7,25,34,124],"an":[8],"unsolved":[9],"problem.":[10,99],"Previously":[11],"cognitive":[12],"sciences'":[13],"studies":[14],"indicated":[15],"that":[16],"the":[17,28,37,60,75,78,89,98,108,118,141,152,191],"automatic":[18],"separation":[19],"of":[20,77,92,138,143,185,190],"from":[22,164],"possible":[26],"using":[27],"face":[29],"modality":[30],"alone.":[31],"However,":[32],"little":[33],"known":[35],"about":[36],"information":[38,72,76],"contained":[39],"in":[40],"head":[41,104,109],"shoulder":[43,64,121],"motion.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46],"work,":[47],"we":[48],"propose":[49],"to":[50,81,86,96,106,116],"(i)":[51],"distinguish":[52],"smiles":[57,169,175],"by":[58,126],"fusing":[59],"head,":[61],"face,":[62],"modalities,":[65],"(ii)":[66],"investigate":[67],"which":[68,87],"modalities":[69,79,187],"carry":[70],"important":[71],"how":[74],"relate":[80],"each":[82],"other,":[83],"(iii)":[85],"extent":[88],"temporal":[90],"dynamics":[91],"these":[93],"signals":[94],"attribute":[95],"solving":[97],"We":[100,134],"use":[101],"a":[102],"cylindrical":[103],"tracker":[105],"track":[107,117],"movements":[110],"two":[112,136],"particle":[113],"filtering":[114],"techniques":[115],"facial":[119],"movements.":[122],"Classification":[123],"performed":[125],"kernel":[127],"methods":[128],"combined":[129],"with":[130,182],"ensemble":[131],"learning":[132],"techniques.":[133],"investigated":[135],"aspects":[137],"multimodal":[139],"fusion:":[140],"level":[142],"abstraction":[144],"(i.e.,":[145,156],"early,":[146],"mid-level,":[147],"late":[149,183],"fusion)":[150],"fusion":[153,184],"rule":[154],"used":[155],"sum,":[157],"product":[158],"weight":[160],"criteria).":[161],"Experimental":[162],"results":[163,179],"100":[165],"videos":[166,172,192],"displaying":[167,173],"102":[171],"are":[176],"presented.":[177],"Best":[178],"were":[180,193],"obtained":[181],"all":[186],"when":[188],"94.0%":[189],"classified":[194],"correctly.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}