{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148071321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1322192.1322198","title":"Faces of pain","display_name":"Faces of pain","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148071321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1322192.1322198","mag":"2148071321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1322192.1322198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1322192.1322198","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014021364","display_name":"Gwen Littlewort","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-290X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gwen C. Littlewort","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111580862","display_name":"Marian Stewart Bartlett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marian Stewart Bartlett","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112832920","display_name":"Kang Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.1973,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":149,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99007708,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"15","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7909930944442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-action-coding-system","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","score":0.6889607310295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5738418698310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.47074398398399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.4701939523220062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3777623474597931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36257439851760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.34593361616134644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7909930944442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40346341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391629","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","level":3,"score":0.6889607310295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5738418698310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.47074398398399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.4701939523220062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3777623474597931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36257439851760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34593361616134644}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1322192.1322198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1322192.1322198","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595126664","https://openalex.org/W1809872410","https://openalex.org/W1993620134","https://openalex.org/W1997662771","https://openalex.org/W2010331009","https://openalex.org/W2026575723","https://openalex.org/W2030326786","https://openalex.org/W2035161948","https://openalex.org/W2040734893","https://openalex.org/W2047504516","https://openalex.org/W2049437801","https://openalex.org/W2063285853","https://openalex.org/W2093134136","https://openalex.org/W2099296428","https://openalex.org/W2106727455","https://openalex.org/W2108054537","https://openalex.org/W2113335527","https://openalex.org/W2124662319","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2129013408","https://openalex.org/W2130038676","https://openalex.org/W2133180260","https://openalex.org/W2159668072","https://openalex.org/W2161634108","https://openalex.org/W2166087694","https://openalex.org/W2166713160","https://openalex.org/W2173219554","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W4241516134","https://openalex.org/W4255000641","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012415311","https://openalex.org/W1998708415","https://openalex.org/W3169168314","https://openalex.org/W2627086084","https://openalex.org/W2130087906","https://openalex.org/W2023657742","https://openalex.org/W2953116087","https://openalex.org/W3153565281","https://openalex.org/W2049699482","https://openalex.org/W2081749143"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,75],"present":[1],"initial":[2],"results":[3],"from":[4,70,131,233,249],"the":[5,38,102,143,151,154,164,187,201,209,224,258,278,284],"application":[6],"of":[7,18,101,134,142,175,186,197,213,255,267],"an":[8,253],"automated":[9,241,285],"facial":[10,16,88,99,138,281],"expression":[11],"recognition":[12],"system":[13,144,162,242,259,286],"to":[14,57,84,96,153,163,193,199,246],"spontaneous":[15,137],"expressions":[17,89,212],"pain.":[19,36,218,251],"In":[20,37,252],"this":[21,117,161],"study,":[22,118],"26":[23,256],"participants":[24],"were":[25,227],"videotaped":[26],"under":[27],"three":[28],"experimental":[29,61],"conditions:":[30],"baseline,":[31],"posed":[32,91,135],"pain,":[33,235],"and":[34,136,205,208,216],"real":[35,39,147,177,214,234,250,268],"pain":[40,46,165,215,271],"condition,":[41],"subjects":[42,221],"experienced":[43],"cold":[44],"pressor":[45],"by":[47],"submerging":[48],"their":[49],"arm":[50],"in":[51,65,90,283],"ice":[52],"water.":[53],"Our":[54],"goal":[55],"was":[56,63,145,191,243,288,295],"automatically":[58],"determine":[59],"which":[60,293],"condition":[62],"shown":[64],"a":[66,71,77,132,146,169,194,273],"60":[67],"second":[68,195],"clip":[69],"previously":[72,81],"unseen":[73],"subject.":[74],"chose":[76],"machine":[78],"learning":[79],"approach,":[80],"used":[82],"successfully":[83,244],"categorize":[85],"basic":[86],"emotional":[87],"datasets":[92],"as":[93,95],"well":[94],"detect":[97],"individual":[98],"actions":[100],"Facial":[103],"Action":[104,122],"Coding":[105],"System":[106],"(FACS)":[107],"(Littlewort":[108],"et":[109,113],"al,":[110],"2006;":[111],"Bartlett":[112],"al.,":[114],"2006).":[115],"For":[116],"we":[119],"trained":[120],"20":[121,170],"Unit":[123],"(AU)":[124],"classifiers":[125,198],"on":[126,223,272],"over":[127],"5000":[128],"images":[129],"selected":[130],"combination":[133],"expressions.":[139],"The":[140,240],"output":[141,172,287],"valued":[148],"number":[149],"indicating":[150],"distance":[152],"separating":[155],"hyperplane":[156],"for":[157,179,183,230,263],"each":[158,180,184],"classifier.":[159],"Applying":[160],"video":[166],"data":[167,190],"produced":[168],"channel":[171],"stream,":[173],"consisting":[174],"one":[176],"value":[178],"learned":[181],"AU,":[182],"frame":[185],"video.":[188],"This":[189],"passed":[192],"layer":[196],"predict":[200],"difference":[202,210],"between":[203,211],"baseline":[204],"pained":[206],"faces,":[207],"fake":[217,270],"Na\u00edve":[219],"human":[220,300],"tested":[222],"same":[225],"videos":[226],"at":[228],"chance":[229],"differentiating":[231],"faked":[232,248],"obtaining":[236],"only":[237],"52%":[238],"accuracy.":[239],"able":[245],"differentiate":[247],"analysis":[254],"subjects,":[257],"obtained":[260],"72%":[261],"correct":[262],"subject":[264],"independent":[265],"discrimination":[266],"versus":[269],"2-alternative":[274],"forced":[275],"choice.":[276],"Moreover,":[277],"most":[279],"discriminative":[280],"action":[282],"AU":[289],"4":[290],"(brow":[291],"lower),":[292],"all":[294],"consistent":[296],"with":[297],"findings":[298],"using":[299],"expert":[301],"FACS":[302],"codes.":[303]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
