{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2078318174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1314234.1314255","title":"The dismal economics of virtual worlds","display_name":"The dismal economics of virtual worlds","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2078318174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1314234.1314255","mag":"2078318174"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1314234.1314255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1314234.1314255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234096","display_name":"ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems","issn_l":"1532-0936","issn":["1532-0936","2331-1622"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112715557","display_name":"Eli M. Noam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6110-4108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eli M. Noam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112715557"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.911,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95872912,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"4","first_page":"106","last_page":"109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9205999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.6682900190353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaverse","display_name":"Metaverse","score":0.6574411392211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boom","display_name":"Boom","score":0.6213340163230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bust","display_name":"Bust","score":0.5926244854927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.551746129989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-economy","display_name":"Virtual economy","score":0.5435540080070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-model","display_name":"Business model","score":0.5056774616241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.4860978126525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.4745543599128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-world","display_name":"Virtual world","score":0.43827423453330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.4313395023345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.3704907298088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3454180955886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3355591893196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neoclassical-economics","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","score":0.33540040254592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2893010973930359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2665308117866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.23701858520507812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.13873103260993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.11025971174240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.1023888885974884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.0887536108493805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6682900190353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53332860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632041","display_name":"Metaverse","level":3,"score":0.6574411392211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141441539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970908","display_name":"Boom","level":2,"score":0.6213340163230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778929795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17489160","display_name":"Bust","level":3,"score":0.5926244854927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.551746129989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142039048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379139","display_name":"Virtual economy","level":2,"score":0.5435540080070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4216890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823","display_name":"Business model","level":2,"score":0.5056774616241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4860978126525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4745543599128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019565508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q444835","display_name":"Virtual world","level":2,"score":0.43827423453330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4313395023345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3704907298088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3454180955886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3355591893196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.33540040254592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2893010973930359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2665308117866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.23701858520507812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.13873103260993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.11025971174240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.1023888885974884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0887536108493805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1314234.1314255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1314234.1314255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234096","display_name":"ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems","issn_l":"1532-0936","issn":["1532-0936","2331-1622"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2480611640","https://openalex.org/W1550339201","https://openalex.org/W4387818125","https://openalex.org/W1510992766","https://openalex.org/W2005146338","https://openalex.org/W1483275303","https://openalex.org/W263048903","https://openalex.org/W4318617820","https://openalex.org/W2484571071","https://openalex.org/W2164389739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"analyzes":[2],"the":[3,36,39,45,48],"economics":[4,59],"of":[5,21,38,47,60],"virtual":[6,33,40],"worlds":[7],"in":[8,27],"order":[9],"to":[10,74],"assess":[11],"their":[12],"viability.":[13],"It":[14],"identifies":[15],"eight":[16],"basic":[17],"business":[18],"models.":[19],"Most":[20],"those":[22],"will":[23],"not":[24],"be":[25,72],"profitable":[26],"a":[28],"competitive":[29],"and":[30,50,54],"open":[31],"general":[32],"world.":[34],"However,":[35],"owner/operator":[37],"world":[41],"can":[42],"capitalize":[43],"on":[44],"value":[46],"community,":[49],"benefit":[51],"from":[52],"managing":[53],"reducing":[55],"competition.":[56],"The":[57],"fundamental":[58],"digital":[61],"activities":[62,69],"suggest":[63],"that":[64],"this":[65],"sector--and":[66],"Web":[67],"2.0":[68],"more":[70],"generally--will":[71],"subject":[73],"boom-bust":[75],"cycles.":[76]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}