{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996690767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1297846.1297852","title":"Elephant 2000","display_name":"Elephant 2000","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996690767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1297846.1297852","mag":"1996690767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1297846.1297852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1297846.1297852","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion to the 22nd ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming systems and applications companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001232416","display_name":"John McCarthy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-1921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1743320","display_name":"Palo Alto University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f812k67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1743320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John McCarthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001232416"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2854,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92144413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"723","last_page":"724"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.8008867502212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7669423222541809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.669988214969635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5424647331237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservation","display_name":"Reservation","score":0.5403265357017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axiom","display_name":"Axiom","score":0.4979283809661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmer","display_name":"Programmer","score":0.4542674124240875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08863043785095215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.8008867502212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7669423222541809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.669988214969635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5424647331237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937518","display_name":"Reservation","level":2,"score":0.5403265357017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167729594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736","display_name":"Axiom","level":2,"score":0.4979283809661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.4542674124240875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08863043785095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1297846.1297852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1297846.1297852","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion to the 22nd ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming systems and applications companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481182308","https://openalex.org/W1485409386","https://openalex.org/W1576632330","https://openalex.org/W1998363560","https://openalex.org/W2009942101","https://openalex.org/W2016322411","https://openalex.org/W2035346816","https://openalex.org/W2067882404","https://openalex.org/W2092011782","https://openalex.org/W2122870912","https://openalex.org/W2130041324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379153735","https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W2046172023","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W2972896947","https://openalex.org/W85300993","https://openalex.org/W4388246805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Elephant":[0,142,242,266,279],"2000":[1,243,267],"is":[2,65,268],"a":[3,122,131,259],"proposed":[4],"programming":[5,164],"language":[6,40,50],"good":[7],"for":[8,227],"writing":[9],"and":[10,34,59,81,83,138,187,189,209,252],"verifying":[11],"programs":[12,23,64,107,143,170,185],"that":[13,126,171,213,245,281],"interact":[14,21,172],"with":[15,22,174],"people":[16],"(e.g.,":[17,28],"transaction":[18],"processing)":[19],"or":[20,165],"belonging":[24],"to":[25,118],"other":[26,231],"organizations":[27],"electronic":[29],"data":[30,111],"interchange).":[31],"Communication":[32],"inputs":[33,186],"outputs":[35],"are":[36,43,202,248],"in":[37,48,68,197,215,225],"an":[38,127,160,241],"I/O":[39],"whose":[41],"sentences":[42,149],"meaningful":[44],"speech":[45,75,211,262],"acts":[46,263],"identified":[47],"the":[49,74,101,104,119,175,184,194,198,206,238,270,275,278],"as":[51,148,250],"questions,":[52],"answers,":[53],"offers,":[54],"acceptances,":[55],"declinations,":[56],"requests,":[57],"permissions,":[58],"promises.":[60],"The":[61],"correctness":[62,95],"of":[63,70,73,89,94,103,150,163,205,222,237,240,272],"partly":[66],"defined":[67],"terms":[69],"proper":[71],"performance":[72],"acts.":[76],"Answers":[77],"should":[78,85],"be":[79,86,97,146,235,256],"truthful":[80],"responsive,":[82],"promises":[84],"kept.":[87],"Sentences":[88],"logic":[90],"expressing":[91],"these":[92,246],"forms":[93],"can":[96,115,124,145,178,255],"generated":[98],"automatically":[99],"from":[100,156],"form":[102],"program.Elephant":[105],"source":[106],"may":[108,234],"not":[109,283],"need":[110],"structures,":[112],"because":[113],"they":[114],"refer":[116],"directly":[117],"past.":[120],"Thus":[121],"program":[123,195,244],"say":[125],"airline":[128],"passenger":[129],"has":[130,135],"reservation":[132],"if":[133],"he":[134],"made":[136],"one":[137],"hasn't":[139],"cancelled":[140],"it.":[141],"themselves":[144],"represented":[147],"logic.":[151],"Their":[152],"extensional":[153],"properties":[154],"follow":[155],"this":[157,253],"representation":[158],"without":[159],"intervening":[161],"theory":[162],"anything":[166],"like":[167],"Hoare":[168],"axioms.Elephant":[169],"non-trivially":[173],"outside":[176],"world":[177],"have":[179],"both":[180],"input-output":[181],"specifications,":[182],"relating":[183],"outputs,":[188],"accomplishment":[190],"specifications":[191,239],"concerning":[192],"what":[193],"accomplishes":[196],"world.":[199],"These":[200],"concepts":[201],"respectively":[203],"generalizations":[204],"philosophers'":[207],"illocutionary":[208],"perlocutionary":[210],"acts.Programs":[212],"engage":[214],"commercial":[216],"transactions":[217],"assume":[218],"obligations":[219,228,247],"on":[220,269],"behalf":[221],"their":[223],"owners":[224],"exchange":[226],"assumed":[229],"by":[230,258],"entities.":[232],"It":[233],"part":[236],"exchanged":[249],"intended,":[251],"too":[254],"expressed":[257],"logical":[260],"sentence.Human":[261],"involve":[264],"intelligence.":[265],"borderline":[271],"AI,":[273],"but":[274],"talk":[276],"emphasizes":[277],"usages":[280],"do":[282],"require":[284],"AI.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
