{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098836165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1281500.1281546","title":"LADDER, a sketching language for user interface developers","display_name":"LADDER, a sketching language for user interface developers","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098836165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1281500.1281546","mag":"2098836165"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1281500.1281546","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1281500.1281546","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 courses","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075250507","display_name":"Tracy Hammond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7272-0507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258931","display_name":"MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e85r662","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258931","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tracy Hammond","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA","MIT, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258931","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112777557","display_name":"Randall Davis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258931","display_name":"MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e85r662","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258931","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randall Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA","MIT, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258931","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4847,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89804588,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"35","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.9641127586364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch-recognition","display_name":"Sketch recognition","score":0.931515097618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8557148575782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.7893290519714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.7168744802474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.5496764779090881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5076500177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjunction","display_name":"Conjunction (astronomy)","score":0.44680607318878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4462239146232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4270697832107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.29435914754867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08405447006225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.07897990942001343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.9641127586364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132900626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534733","display_name":"Sketch recognition","level":4,"score":0.931515097618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8557148575782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7893290519714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.7168744802474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.5496764779090881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5076500177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59656382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191536","display_name":"Conjunction (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.44680607318878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4462239146232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4270697832107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.29435914754867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08405447006225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.07897990942001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1281500.1281546","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1281500.1281546","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 courses","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13629514","https://openalex.org/W131767152","https://openalex.org/W138330923","https://openalex.org/W140674709","https://openalex.org/W1486572897","https://openalex.org/W1510025340","https://openalex.org/W1515505871","https://openalex.org/W1529056873","https://openalex.org/W1601824015","https://openalex.org/W1635300549","https://openalex.org/W1971930425","https://openalex.org/W1975376848","https://openalex.org/W1977198981","https://openalex.org/W1981634856","https://openalex.org/W1989331751","https://openalex.org/W2002028977","https://openalex.org/W2023192402","https://openalex.org/W2043350587","https://openalex.org/W2044847691","https://openalex.org/W2045981671","https://openalex.org/W2049287964","https://openalex.org/W2102394586","https://openalex.org/W2109751061","https://openalex.org/W2117448986","https://openalex.org/W2119117620","https://openalex.org/W2134202846","https://openalex.org/W2153360297","https://openalex.org/W2162385689","https://openalex.org/W2169734349","https://openalex.org/W2615497679","https://openalex.org/W3000063644","https://openalex.org/W4251453717","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4376542588","https://openalex.org/W6661285608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294900353","https://openalex.org/W2151314278","https://openalex.org/W2411243951","https://openalex.org/W1971224820","https://openalex.org/W13629514","https://openalex.org/W2963977451","https://openalex.org/W1976890290","https://openalex.org/W1573697454","https://openalex.org/W2966897482","https://openalex.org/W2463931728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sketch":[0],"recognition":[1,47,93,98,120],"systems":[2],"are":[3,19,62],"currently":[4],"being":[5],"developed":[6,37],"for":[7,84,100],"many":[8],"domains,":[9],"but":[10],"can":[11],"be":[12],"time":[13],"consuming":[14],"to":[15,20,29,39,54],"build":[16],"if":[17],"they":[18],"handle":[21],"the":[22,41],"intricacies":[23],"of":[24,43],"each":[25,123],"domain.":[26,102],"In":[27],"order":[28],"aid":[30],"sketch-based":[31],"user":[32],"interface":[33],"developers,":[34],"we":[35],"have":[36,104],"tools":[38],"simplify":[40],"development":[42],"a":[44,52,60,89,96,116],"new":[45],"sketch":[46,92,97,119],"interface.":[48],"We":[49,67,103],"created":[50],"LADDER,":[51],"language":[53],"describe":[55],"how":[56],"sketched":[57],"diagrams":[58],"in":[59,86],"domain":[61,75,90,111,117],"drawn,":[63],"displayed,":[64],"and":[65,81,113],"edited.":[66],"then":[68],"automatically":[69,114],"transform":[70],"LADDER":[71],"structural":[72],"descriptions":[73,112],"into":[74],"specific":[76,118],"shape":[77,82],"recognizers,":[78,80],"editing":[79],"exhibitors":[83],"use":[85],"conjunction":[87],"with":[88],"independent":[91],"system,":[94],"creating":[95],"system":[99,121],"that":[101],"tested":[105],"our":[106],"framework":[107],"by":[108],"writing":[109],"several":[110],"generating":[115],"from":[122],"description.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}