{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2127379360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1276958.1277224","title":"A building-block royal road where crossover is provably essential","display_name":"A building-block royal road where crossover is provably essential","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2127379360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1276958.1277224","mag":"2127379360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1276958.1277224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1276958.1277224","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082699760","display_name":"Richard A. Watson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard A. Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002439579","display_name":"Thomas Jansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1596-086X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200332995","display_name":"TU Dortmund University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k97gp34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Jansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany","[Universitat Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Universitat Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082699760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6311,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93700142,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1452","last_page":"1459"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossover","display_name":"Crossover","score":0.9531404972076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.7075732350349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6086094975471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5820579528808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5806395411491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-function","display_name":"Fitness function","score":0.5734269618988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5561354756355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4897444248199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation","display_name":"Mutation","score":0.48545128107070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.4600299596786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4328950345516205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-landscape","display_name":"Fitness landscape","score":0.4301793873310089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.4236024022102356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-size","display_name":"Block size","score":0.42148229479789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4109901189804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35369282960891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2774726152420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2665752172470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.2073681354522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.1395874321460724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08605554699897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-biology","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","score":0.08111178874969482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.06816437840461731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.06395289301872253}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122507166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628906","display_name":"Crossover","level":2,"score":0.9531404972076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7075732350349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6086094975471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5820579528808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5806395411491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176066374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629118","display_name":"Fitness function","level":3,"score":0.5734269618988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5561354756355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4897444248199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501734568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918","display_name":"Mutation","level":3,"score":0.48545128107070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.4600299596786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4328950345516205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91852762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307742","display_name":"Fitness landscape","level":3,"score":0.4301793873310089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4236024022102356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41431624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053357","display_name":"Block size","level":3,"score":0.42148229479789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4109901189804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35369282960891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2774726152420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2665752172470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2073681354522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.1395874321460724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08605554699897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.08111178874969482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.06816437840461731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.06395289301872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1276958.1277224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1276958.1277224","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:264283","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.152.7945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.152.7945","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gecco2007/docs/p1452.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154880817","https://openalex.org/W1491730435","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1501048105","https://openalex.org/W1530529893","https://openalex.org/W1533419692","https://openalex.org/W1535529451","https://openalex.org/W1536712125","https://openalex.org/W1554403518","https://openalex.org/W1598567747","https://openalex.org/W1606089732","https://openalex.org/W1639032689","https://openalex.org/W1969857637","https://openalex.org/W1976215910","https://openalex.org/W1994258343","https://openalex.org/W1996111110","https://openalex.org/W2047284461","https://openalex.org/W2096571749","https://openalex.org/W2098564776","https://openalex.org/W2100211715","https://openalex.org/W2107951961","https://openalex.org/W2143935213","https://openalex.org/W2148494777","https://openalex.org/W2157118346","https://openalex.org/W2161653752","https://openalex.org/W2165220807","https://openalex.org/W2171696855","https://openalex.org/W2295428206","https://openalex.org/W2904250082","https://openalex.org/W2914550350","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W4231916799","https://openalex.org/W6632048836","https://openalex.org/W6681511876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036107212","https://openalex.org/W1634842376","https://openalex.org/W2115729582","https://openalex.org/W2159937791","https://openalex.org/W4250294025","https://openalex.org/W2164084664","https://openalex.org/W1506271011","https://openalex.org/W1974337071","https://openalex.org/W2363406585","https://openalex.org/W2138958036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,38],"the":[2,17],"most":[3],"controversial":[4],"yet":[5],"enduring":[6],"hypotheses":[7],"about":[8],"what":[9],"genetic":[10],"algorithms":[11],"(GAs)":[12],"are":[13],"good":[14],"for":[15],"concerns":[16],"idea":[18],"that":[19,29,68],"GAs":[20,32],"process":[21],"building-blocks.":[22],"More":[23],"specifically,":[24],"it":[25],"has":[26,51],"been":[27,52],"suggested":[28],"crossover":[30,73],"in":[31,55,78],"can":[33,74],"assemble":[34],"short":[35],"low-order":[36],"schemata":[37],"above":[39],"average":[40,77],"fitness":[41],"(building":[42],"blocks)":[43],"to":[44],"create":[45],"higher-order":[46],"higher-fitness":[47],"schemata.":[48],"However,":[49],"there":[50],"considerable":[53],"difficulty":[54],"demonstrating":[56],"this":[57],"rigorously":[58],"and":[59],"intuitively.":[60],"Here":[61],"we":[62],"provide":[63],"a":[64,69],"simple":[65],"building-block":[66],"function":[67],"GA":[70],"with":[71],"two-point":[72],"solve":[75],"on":[76],"polynomial":[79],"time,":[80],"whereas":[81],"an":[82],"asexual":[83],"population":[84],"or":[85],"mutation":[86],"hill-climber":[87],"cannot.":[88]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
