{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2120939696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1254810.1254817","title":"Libra","display_name":"Libra","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2120939696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1254810.1254817","mag":"2120939696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1254810.1254817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1254810.1254817","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Virtual execution environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042375472","display_name":"Glenn Ammons","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glenn Ammons","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013553389","display_name":"Jonathan Appavoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5594-4263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Appavoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033613242","display_name":"Maria Butrico","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Butrico","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045204301","display_name":"Dilma Da Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6538-2888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dilma Da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006981734","display_name":"David Grove","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-7125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Grove","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063074861","display_name":"Kiyokuni Kawachiya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145865","display_name":"IBM Research - Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/04915qk43","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiyokuni Kawachiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Tokyo Research Laborator, Yamato, UNK, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Tokyo Research Laborator, Yamato, UNK, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048649001","display_name":"Orran Krieger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1705-2859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Orran Krieger","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001723274","display_name":"Bryan S. Rosenburg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Rosenburg","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087423568","display_name":"Eric Van Hensbergen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0968-2496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156936","display_name":"IBM Research - Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/05gjbbg60","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210156936"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Van Hensbergen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Austin Research Lab, Austin, TX","IBM Austin Research Lab Austin, TX#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Austin Research Lab, Austin, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156936"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Austin Research Lab Austin, TX#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156936"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026582805","display_name":"Robert W. Wisniewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7393-0813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert W. Wisniewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"44","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.8792245388031006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8532934188842773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypervisor","display_name":"Hypervisor","score":0.7615453004837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.48391538858413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.46635332703590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.45326727628707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.44854727387428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4449922442436218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.43694087862968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thread","display_name":"Thread (computing)","score":0.42617467045783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibm","display_name":"IBM","score":0.42332857847213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.3303794264793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12708067893981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.10012957453727722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.8792245388031006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8532934188842773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.7615453004837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.48391538858413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.46635332703590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.45326727628707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.44854727387428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4449922442436218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.43694087862968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138101251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213092","display_name":"Thread (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42617467045783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.42332857847213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.3303794264793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12708067893981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.10012957453727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1254810.1254817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1254810.1254817","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Virtual execution environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96390077","https://openalex.org/W120061521","https://openalex.org/W1527781663","https://openalex.org/W1549737115","https://openalex.org/W1592895353","https://openalex.org/W1624897526","https://openalex.org/W1864473657","https://openalex.org/W1974101162","https://openalex.org/W1983747875","https://openalex.org/W1996559196","https://openalex.org/W2050256323","https://openalex.org/W2061035417","https://openalex.org/W2083272082","https://openalex.org/W2083469471","https://openalex.org/W2092423386","https://openalex.org/W2100077456","https://openalex.org/W2106861521","https://openalex.org/W2109488945","https://openalex.org/W2113095216","https://openalex.org/W2113201593","https://openalex.org/W2118373998","https://openalex.org/W2122480895","https://openalex.org/W2131726714","https://openalex.org/W2139731740","https://openalex.org/W2143160644","https://openalex.org/W2148746214","https://openalex.org/W2149421660","https://openalex.org/W2154148563","https://openalex.org/W2159890891","https://openalex.org/W4234350570","https://openalex.org/W4243313767","https://openalex.org/W4244704438","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6633207911","https://openalex.org/W6635431589","https://openalex.org/W6676741116","https://openalex.org/W6677185742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148749405","https://openalex.org/W2104105430","https://openalex.org/W1515917392","https://openalex.org/W2613320081","https://openalex.org/W1973516247","https://openalex.org/W2179519055","https://openalex.org/W2743348030","https://openalex.org/W2145292010","https://openalex.org/W2747005099","https://openalex.org/W2086039693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"If":[0],"the":[1,57,77,98,106,140,155],"operating":[2,31,59,79],"system":[3,32],"could":[4],"be":[5,146],"specialized":[6,47,68],"for":[7,69,105,148,152],"every":[8],"application,":[9],"many":[10],"applications":[11],"would":[12],"run":[13],"faster.":[14],"For":[15],"example,":[16,153],"Java":[17,107],"virtual":[18],"machines":[19],"(JVMs)":[20],"provide":[21,123],"their":[22],"own":[23],"threading":[24],"model":[25],"and":[26,83,129],"memory":[27],"protection,":[28],"so":[29],"general-purpose":[30],"implementations":[33],"of":[34,42,109,116,134,171],"these":[35],"abstractions":[36],"are":[37,49],"redundant.":[38],"However,":[39],"traditional":[40],"means":[41],"transforming":[43],"existing":[44],"systems":[45,48],"into":[46],"difficult":[50],"to":[51,101,122],"adopt":[52],"because":[53],"they":[54],"require":[55],"replacing":[56],"entire":[58,78],"system.":[60,80],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"describes":[63],"Libra,":[64],"an":[65,114],"execution":[66],"environment":[67],"IBM's":[70],"J9":[71,84],"JVM.":[72],"Libra":[73,82,96],"does":[74],"not":[75],"replace":[76],"Instead,":[81],"form":[85],"a":[86,93,124,127,149,169],"single":[87],"statically-linked":[88],"image":[89],"that":[90,142,161],"runs":[91],"in":[92,118],"hypervisor":[94,120],"partition.":[95],"provides":[97],"services":[99,144],"necessary":[100],"achieve":[102],"good":[103],"performance":[104],"workloads":[108],"interest":[110],"but":[111],"relies":[112],"on":[113,154],"instance":[115],"Linux":[117],"another":[119],"partition":[121],"networking":[125],"stack,":[126],"filesystem,":[128],"other":[130],"services.":[131],"The":[132],"expense":[133],"remote":[135],"calls":[136],"is":[137],"offset":[138],"by":[139,168],"fact":[141],"Libra's":[143],"can":[145],"customized":[147],"particular":[150],"workload;":[151],"Nutch":[156],"search":[157],"engine,":[158],"we":[159],"show":[160],"two":[162],"simple":[163],"customizations":[164],"improve":[165],"application":[166],"throughput":[167],"factor":[170],"2.7.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
