{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2169229156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240863","title":"Hard lessons","display_name":"Hard lessons","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2169229156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240863","mag":"2169229156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1240624.1240863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240863","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/214934362/CHI07_HardLessons.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080181433","display_name":"Andy Cockburn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-4268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy Cockburn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042452579","display_name":"Per Ola Kristensson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7139-871X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per Ola Kristensson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Likopings Universitet, Linkoping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Likopings Universitet, Linkoping, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033721445","display_name":"Jason Alexander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6093-6116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005293560","display_name":"Shumin Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-2090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shumin Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2228,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88342279,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1571","last_page":"1580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11079","display_name":"Creativity in Education and Neuroscience","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keypad","display_name":"Keypad","score":0.9413806200027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.7365538477897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7057477831840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boredom","display_name":"Boredom","score":0.647916316986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.6229018568992615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.5217388868331909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.47768646478652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4144800901412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.357904314994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31814640760421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.16054844856262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.127642422914505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780140372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2009740","display_name":"Keypad","level":2,"score":0.9413806200027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.7365538477897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7057477831840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777589236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34255","display_name":"Boredom","level":2,"score":0.647916316986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.6229018568992615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.5217388868331909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.47768646478652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4144800901412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.357904314994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31814640760421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.16054844856262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.127642422914505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1240624.1240863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240863","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:purehost.bath.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/5cf37f60-3bd1-4c04-9011-31d30c7044bb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/5cf37f60-3bd1-4c04-9011-31d30c7044bb","pdf_url":"https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/214934362/CHI07_HardLessons.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196294","display_name":"Pure (University of Bath)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I51601045","host_organization_name":"University of Bath","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cockburn, A, Kristensson, P O, Alexander, J & Zhai, S 2007, Hard Lessons: Effort-Inducing Interfaces Benefit Spatial Learning. in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI '07, Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1571-1580. https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240863","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:purehost.bath.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/5cf37f60-3bd1-4c04-9011-31d30c7044bb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/5cf37f60-3bd1-4c04-9011-31d30c7044bb","pdf_url":"https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/214934362/CHI07_HardLessons.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196294","display_name":"Pure (University of Bath)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I51601045","host_organization_name":"University of Bath","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cockburn, A, Kristensson, P O, Alexander, J & Zhai, S 2007, Hard Lessons: Effort-Inducing Interfaces Benefit Spatial Learning. in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI '07, Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1571-1580. https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240863","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2169229156.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2169229156.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492518088","https://openalex.org/W1493315108","https://openalex.org/W1497701863","https://openalex.org/W1497819009","https://openalex.org/W1502491548","https://openalex.org/W1530229763","https://openalex.org/W1967315690","https://openalex.org/W1980580704","https://openalex.org/W1990451873","https://openalex.org/W1999555653","https://openalex.org/W2004292937","https://openalex.org/W2012241589","https://openalex.org/W2013068849","https://openalex.org/W2017185010","https://openalex.org/W2018631692","https://openalex.org/W2029144251","https://openalex.org/W2032232117","https://openalex.org/W2045385178","https://openalex.org/W2069324208","https://openalex.org/W2071244092","https://openalex.org/W2080036157","https://openalex.org/W2088733095","https://openalex.org/W2108852225","https://openalex.org/W2113725822","https://openalex.org/W2130968124","https://openalex.org/W2133495565","https://openalex.org/W2134907585","https://openalex.org/W2140205964","https://openalex.org/W2140504733","https://openalex.org/W2141548628","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2164620969","https://openalex.org/W2166565937","https://openalex.org/W2169294099","https://openalex.org/W2406072942","https://openalex.org/W2511901496","https://openalex.org/W4237293291","https://openalex.org/W4249934679","https://openalex.org/W4293872590"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4246488341","https://openalex.org/W2538700141","https://openalex.org/W6944106","https://openalex.org/W318616257","https://openalex.org/W3118254946","https://openalex.org/W3026775601","https://openalex.org/W2917043877","https://openalex.org/W1985000680","https://openalex.org/W4240903701","https://openalex.org/W2033703371"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interface":[0],"designers":[1,41],"normally":[2],"strive":[3],"for":[4],"a":[5,62],"design":[6,128],"that":[7,25,40,55,65,125,147],"minimises":[8],"the":[9,14,46,53,67,79,96,105,108,126,137],"user's":[10],"effort.":[11],"However,":[12],"when":[13],"design's":[15],"objective":[16],"is":[17],"to":[18,21,69,75,81,152],"train":[19],"users":[20],"interact":[22],"with":[23],"interfaces":[24,94],"are":[26],"highly":[27],"dependent":[28],"on":[29,104],"spatial":[30,58,72,99,130],"properties":[31],"(e.g.":[32],"keypad":[33,93],"layout":[34],"or":[35,74],"gesture":[36,117],"shapes)":[37],"we":[38,60],"contend":[39],"should":[42],"consider":[43],"explicitly":[44],"increasing":[45],"mental":[47],"effort":[48,56,148],"of":[49,102,116],"interaction.":[50],"To":[51],"test":[52],"hypothesis":[54],"aids":[57],"memory,":[59],"designed":[61],"\"frost-brushing\"":[63],"interface":[64],"forces":[66],"user":[68],"mentally":[70],"retrieve":[71],"information,":[73],"physically":[76],"brush":[77],"away":[78],"frost":[80],"obtain":[82],"visual":[83],"guidance.":[84],"We":[85],"report":[86],"results":[87,120],"from":[88],"two":[89],"experiments":[90],"using":[91],"virtual":[92],"--":[95],"first":[97],"concerns":[98,110],"location":[100,112],"learning":[101,115],"buttons":[103],"keypad,":[106],"and":[107,113,144],"second":[109],"both":[111],"trajectory":[114],"shape.":[118],"The":[119,132],"support":[121],"our":[122],"hypothesis,":[123],"showing":[124],"frost-brushing":[127],"improved":[129],"learning.":[131],"participants'":[133],"subjective":[134],"responses":[135],"emphasised":[136],"connections":[138],"between":[139],"effort,":[140],"engagement,":[141],"boredom,":[142],"frustration,":[143],"enjoyment,":[145],"suggesting":[146],"requires":[149],"careful":[150],"parameterisation":[151],"maximise":[153],"its":[154],"effectiveness.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}