{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2061925048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240739","title":"Work-centered design","display_name":"Work-centered design","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2061925048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240739","mag":"2061925048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1240624.1240739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240739","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030838952","display_name":"Keith A. Butler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keith A. Butler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Global Services Automation, Redmond, WA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Global Services Automation, Redmond, WA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100626090","display_name":"Jiajie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3928-8171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110046966","display_name":"Chris Esposito","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Esposito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing Math & Computing Technology, Bellevue, WA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing Math & Computing Technology, Bellevue, WA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054632624","display_name":"Ali Bahrami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2938-2925"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Bahrami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing Math & Computing Technology, Bellevue, WA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing Math & Computing Technology, Bellevue, WA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081562871","display_name":"Ron Hebron","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ron Hebron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing Math & Computing Technology, Bellevue, WA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing Math & Computing Technology, Bellevue, WA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035535362","display_name":"David E. Kieras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0713-9211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140958","display_name":"Ann Arbor Center for Independent Living","ror":"https://ror.org/045pcya52","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140958"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Kieras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI","Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140958"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140958"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030838952"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8319,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94543801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"747","last_page":"756"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10703","display_name":"Business Process Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.718278169631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.6931487321853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6051524877548218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4163581132888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","score":0.41012006998062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3946082293987274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-engineering","display_name":"Industrial engineering","score":0.3862643837928772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.218409925699234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13687846064567566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.718278169631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.6931487321853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6051524877548218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4163581132888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.41012006998062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3946082293987274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.3862643837928772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.218409925699234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13687846064567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1240624.1240739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240739","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337525","display_name":"Air Force Materiel Command","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173647602","https://openalex.org/W200531746","https://openalex.org/W1485705743","https://openalex.org/W1512342490","https://openalex.org/W1550840327","https://openalex.org/W1576413680","https://openalex.org/W1577076015","https://openalex.org/W1584495028","https://openalex.org/W1874259416","https://openalex.org/W1963547452","https://openalex.org/W1964351589","https://openalex.org/W1964712771","https://openalex.org/W1995620802","https://openalex.org/W1998342921","https://openalex.org/W2051743306","https://openalex.org/W2056035372","https://openalex.org/W2100757236","https://openalex.org/W2108852225","https://openalex.org/W2123179704","https://openalex.org/W2137079713","https://openalex.org/W2139907081","https://openalex.org/W2148459805","https://openalex.org/W2163705682","https://openalex.org/W2338664601","https://openalex.org/W2500367720","https://openalex.org/W4235215061","https://openalex.org/W4242608241","https://openalex.org/W4248085210","https://openalex.org/W6628980401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3172150420","https://openalex.org/W2107725657","https://openalex.org/W2186864281","https://openalex.org/W4255427455","https://openalex.org/W2112121444","https://openalex.org/W2509452605","https://openalex.org/W3204654320","https://openalex.org/W4401161891","https://openalex.org/W1470192148","https://openalex.org/W2369224372"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"the":[2,20,53,112,122],"case":[3,74],"study":[4,75],"of":[5,22,30,55,69,119,124],"a":[6,16,56,62,78,101],"complex,":[7],"mixed-initiative":[8],"scheduling":[9,84,96],"system":[10],"to":[11,51,103,135],"illustrate":[12],"Work-Centered":[13],"Design":[14],"(WCD),":[15],"new":[17,91],"approach":[18],"for":[19,45,65,82,140],"design":[21],"information":[23],"systems.":[24,143],"WCD":[25,60,131],"is":[26,129],"based":[27],"on":[28,77],"theory":[29],"distributed":[31],"cognition":[32],"and":[33,48],"extends":[34,132],"established":[35],"user-centered":[36],"methods":[37,68,134],"with":[38],"abstract":[39],"task":[40],"modeling,":[41],"using":[42],"innovative":[43],"techniques":[44],"work":[46],"ontology":[47],"top-level":[49],"algorithms":[50],"capture":[52],"logic":[54],"human-computer":[57],"interaction":[58],"paradigm.":[59],"addresses":[61],"long-standing":[63],"need":[64,139],"more":[66],"effective":[67],"function":[70],"allocation.":[71],"The":[72,90],"illustrating":[73],"succeeded":[76],"large,":[79],"difficult":[80],"problem":[81],"aircraft":[83],"where":[85],"prior":[86],"expensive":[87],"attempts":[88],"failed.":[89],"system,":[92],"called":[93],"Solver,":[94],"reduces":[95],"labor":[97],"from":[98,111],"9":[99],"person-days":[100],"week":[102],"about":[104],"1":[105],"person-hour.":[106],"These":[107],"results":[108],"were":[109],"obtained":[110],"first":[113],"user":[114],"test,":[115],"demonstrating":[116],"notable":[117],"effectiveness":[118],"WCD.":[120],"Further,":[121],"value":[123],"Solver's":[125],"higher":[126],"quality":[127],"schedules":[128],"far-reaching.":[130],"HCI":[133],"fill":[136],"an":[137],"important":[138],"technical":[141],"problem-solving":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}