{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2060407451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1233501.1233679","title":"Improvements to combinational equivalence checking","display_name":"Improvements to combinational equivalence checking","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2060407451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1233501.1233679","mag":"2060407451"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1233501.1233679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1233501.1233679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177401","display_name":"Digest of technical papers/Digest of technical papers - IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","issn_l":"1092-3152","issn":["1092-3152","1558-2434"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design - ICCAD '06","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110450560","display_name":"Alan Mishchenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1303-6261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Mishchenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","Dept. of Electron. Eng. & Comput. Sci., California Univ., Berkeley, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng. & Comput. Sci., California Univ., Berkeley, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102897547","display_name":"Satrajit Chatterjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-8378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satrajit Chatterjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","Dept. of Electron. Eng. & Comput. Sci., California Univ., Berkeley, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng. & Comput. Sci., California Univ., Berkeley, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064568178","display_name":"Robert K. Brayton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-1718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Brayton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","Dept. of Electron. Eng. & Comput. Sci., California Univ., Berkeley, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng. & Comput. Sci., California Univ., Berkeley, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030158202","display_name":"Niklas E\u00e9n","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66217453","display_name":"Cadence Design Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w8xa018","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niklas Een","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cadence Berkeley Labs, Berkeley, CA","Cadence Berkeley Laboratories - Berkeley CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cadence Berkeley Labs, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I66217453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cadence Berkeley Laboratories - Berkeley CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I66217453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":130,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"836","last_page":"836"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-equivalence-checking","display_name":"Formal equivalence checking","score":0.8656381368637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-satisfiability-problem","display_name":"Boolean satisfiability problem","score":0.7822471857070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.711867094039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleaving","display_name":"Interleaving","score":0.6478403806686401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.6238720417022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinational-logic","display_name":"Combinational logic","score":0.6234548091888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6141775250434875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.5174618363380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-decision-diagram","display_name":"Binary decision diagram","score":0.5150232315063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-equivalence","display_name":"Logical equivalence","score":0.49556291103363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.4618225693702698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4518224895000458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.4121151268482208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3895540237426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.3426707983016968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25635212659835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.1851935088634491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12395164370536804}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96654402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469962","display_name":"Formal equivalence checking","level":3,"score":0.8656381368637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6943359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875276","display_name":"Boolean satisfiability problem","level":2,"score":0.7822471857070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.711867094039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28034677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092530","display_name":"Interleaving","level":2,"score":0.6478403806686401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.6238720417022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81409106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76505","display_name":"Combinational logic","level":3,"score":0.6234548091888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6141775250434875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.5174618363380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864155","display_name":"Binary decision diagram","level":2,"score":0.5150232315063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70846408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220433","display_name":"Logical equivalence","level":3,"score":0.49556291103363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.4618225693702698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4518224895000458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.4121151268482208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3895540237426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.3426707983016968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25635212659835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.1851935088634491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12395164370536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1233501.1233679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1233501.1233679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177401","display_name":"Digest of technical papers/Digest of technical papers - IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","issn_l":"1092-3152","issn":["1092-3152","1558-2434"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design - ICCAD '06","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.259.2329","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.259.2329","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cecs.uci.edu/%7Epapers/iccad06/papers/11B_1.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.452.8365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.452.8365","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.blif.org/~satrajit/pubs/2006_ICCAD_Improvements_to_Comb_Equiv.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.68.891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.68.891","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~alanmi/publications/2006/iccad06_cec.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.90.3207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.90.3207","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cadence.com/company/cadence_labs/niklas_IWLS_2006_Improvements.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332500","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337426","display_name":"Center for Substance Abuse Treatment","ror":"https://ror.org/03t3qg659"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W295892697","https://openalex.org/W1511688816","https://openalex.org/W1518705996","https://openalex.org/W1525668847","https://openalex.org/W1554885925","https://openalex.org/W1566041312","https://openalex.org/W1572774147","https://openalex.org/W1588880699","https://openalex.org/W1592502301","https://openalex.org/W1612810659","https://openalex.org/W1997199152","https://openalex.org/W1998522266","https://openalex.org/W2012336463","https://openalex.org/W2028206183","https://openalex.org/W2053446892","https://openalex.org/W2071559752","https://openalex.org/W2080267935","https://openalex.org/W2100465945","https://openalex.org/W2101101130","https://openalex.org/W2106950603","https://openalex.org/W2109103805","https://openalex.org/W2114766961","https://openalex.org/W2116758077","https://openalex.org/W2121750555","https://openalex.org/W2123710050","https://openalex.org/W2129369779","https://openalex.org/W2137035823","https://openalex.org/W2140132043","https://openalex.org/W2142785340","https://openalex.org/W2146662253","https://openalex.org/W2154275811","https://openalex.org/W2157533144","https://openalex.org/W2162772242","https://openalex.org/W2163205571","https://openalex.org/W2166795801","https://openalex.org/W2560525892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238706614","https://openalex.org/W2370616279","https://openalex.org/W4295791056","https://openalex.org/W4253252819","https://openalex.org/W2167659005","https://openalex.org/W2348129335","https://openalex.org/W3151473321","https://openalex.org/W2139907818","https://openalex.org/W1499470128","https://openalex.org/W4382562172"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"paper":[1,61],"explores":[2],"several":[3,106],"ways":[4],"to":[5,45,57,101],"improve":[6],"the":[7,28,49,55,102,108],"speed":[8],"and":[9,24,80,92],"capacity":[10],"of":[11,34,54],"combinational":[12],"equivalence":[13,33,53],"checking":[14],"based":[15],"on":[16,27,48,63,90],"Boolean":[17],"satisfiability":[18],"(SAT).":[19],"State-of-the-art":[20],"methods":[21],"use":[22],"simulation":[23],"BDD/SAT":[25],"sweeping":[26],"input":[29],"side":[30],"(i.e.":[31,51],"proving":[32,52],"some":[35],"internal":[36],"nodes":[37],"in":[38,98,112],"a":[39],"topological":[40],"order),":[41],"interleaved":[42],"with":[43,76,84],"attempts":[44],"run":[46],"SAT":[47,75,83],"output":[50,56],"constant":[58],"0).":[59],"This":[60],"improves":[62],"this":[64],"method":[65],"by":[66],"(a)":[67],"using":[68,73],"more":[69],"intelligent":[70],"simulation,":[71],"(b)":[72],"CNF-based":[74],"circuit-based":[77],"decision":[78],"heuristics,":[79],"(c)":[81],"interleaving":[82],"low-effort":[85],"logic":[86],"synthesis.":[87],"Experimental":[88],"results":[89],"public":[91],"industrial":[93],"benchmarks":[94],"demonstrate":[95],"substantial":[96],"reductions":[97],"runtime,":[99],"compared":[100],"current":[103],"methods.":[104],"In":[105],"cases,":[107],"new":[109],"solver":[110],"succeeded":[111],"solving":[113],"previously":[114],"unsolved":[115],"problems.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}