{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2101438247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1232722.1232724","title":"Analytic modeling of multitier Internet applications","display_name":"Analytic modeling of multitier Internet applications","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2101438247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1232722.1232724","mag":"2101438247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1232722.1232724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1232722.1232724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030643132","display_name":"Bhuvan Urgaonkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3495-6345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bhuvan Urgaonkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Penn State University, University Park, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Penn State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013147688","display_name":"G. Pacifici","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Pacifici","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032939724","display_name":"Prashant Shenoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5435-1901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prashant Shenoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109514629","display_name":"Mike Spreitzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Spreitzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056044784","display_name":"Asser Tantawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6598-8863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asser Tantawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030643132"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.5134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":132,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99312019,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"2","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8792632222175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7781398296356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.7417908906936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5431231260299683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.4999692440032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queueing-theory","display_name":"Queueing theory","score":0.4637015759944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4340859651565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-queue","display_name":"Message queue","score":0.431476354598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queue","display_name":"Queue","score":0.42874205112457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.41872313618659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4010107219219208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3062998354434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.12037184834480286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8792632222175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7781398296356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.7417908906936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5431231260299683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.4999692440032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.4637015759944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4340859651565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26324664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065525","display_name":"Message queue","level":2,"score":0.431476354598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160403385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220543","display_name":"Queue","level":2,"score":0.42874205112457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.41872313618659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4010107219219208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3062998354434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.12037184834480286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1232722.1232724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1232722.1232724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.umass.edu:cs_faculty_pubs-2025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cs_faculty_pubs/1026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402240","display_name":"ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","host_organization_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Department Faculty Publication Series","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.umass.edu:20.500.14394/9528","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14394/9528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402057","display_name":"Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","host_organization_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45419524","https://openalex.org/W135750602","https://openalex.org/W143831697","https://openalex.org/W175437267","https://openalex.org/W1481626411","https://openalex.org/W1495216481","https://openalex.org/W1527909876","https://openalex.org/W1554130893","https://openalex.org/W1575746526","https://openalex.org/W1577469378","https://openalex.org/W1579946370","https://openalex.org/W1817128395","https://openalex.org/W1884008352","https://openalex.org/W1904710828","https://openalex.org/W1978006658","https://openalex.org/W1980675997","https://openalex.org/W1984071235","https://openalex.org/W2000707414","https://openalex.org/W2002016612","https://openalex.org/W2024758283","https://openalex.org/W2024796652","https://openalex.org/W2030810346","https://openalex.org/W2044534358","https://openalex.org/W2049717788","https://openalex.org/W2064359039","https://openalex.org/W2070864209","https://openalex.org/W2073381904","https://openalex.org/W2096881034","https://openalex.org/W2099148956","https://openalex.org/W2107002253","https://openalex.org/W2107135716","https://openalex.org/W2108971030","https://openalex.org/W2109239225","https://openalex.org/W2109480140","https://openalex.org/W2115832220","https://openalex.org/W2116030291","https://openalex.org/W2116614178","https://openalex.org/W2126330349","https://openalex.org/W2130191780","https://openalex.org/W2131126403","https://openalex.org/W2133462754","https://openalex.org/W2137283854","https://openalex.org/W2146049549","https://openalex.org/W2153054861","https://openalex.org/W2160436229","https://openalex.org/W2166625139","https://openalex.org/W2167158448","https://openalex.org/W2168294224","https://openalex.org/W2168704265","https://openalex.org/W2170456566","https://openalex.org/W2791402393","https://openalex.org/W2914313962","https://openalex.org/W2915014180","https://openalex.org/W4214846417","https://openalex.org/W4247551517","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017432143","https://openalex.org/W1973694374","https://openalex.org/W2983574358","https://openalex.org/W2370475531","https://openalex.org/W4385924768","https://openalex.org/W4256551238","https://openalex.org/W2610550183","https://openalex.org/W2914112812","https://openalex.org/W2258161702","https://openalex.org/W2000221811"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"many":[1],"Internet":[2],"applications":[3,86,105],"employ":[4],"a":[5,26,30,89,107,118,135,206],"multitier":[6,85],"architecture,":[7],"in":[8],"this":[9],"article,":[10],"we":[11],"focus":[12],"on":[13,29,88],"the":[14,19,35,41,51,101,129,146,149,159,164,173,176,193,222,227],"problem":[15],"of":[16,21,32,40,53,103,109,121,137,145,163,175,224,226,231],"analytically":[17],"modeling":[18],"behavior":[20,52],"such":[22,64],"applications.":[23],"We":[24,79],"present":[25],"model":[27,44,82,98,115,156,177,212],"based":[28],"network":[31],"queues":[33,36],"where":[34,192],"represent":[37],"different":[38,57],"tiers":[39,54,228],"application.":[42],"Our":[43,93,169],"is":[45],"sufficiently":[46],"general":[47],"to":[48,125,202,215],"capture":[49],"(i)":[50],"with":[55,141],"significantly":[56],"performance":[58,102,182],"characteristics":[59],"and":[60,74,111,186,233],"(ii)":[61],"application":[62,147],"idiosyncrasies":[63],"as":[65],"session-based":[66],"workloads,":[67],"tier":[68],"replication,":[69],"load":[70],"imbalances":[71],"across":[72],"replicas,":[73],"caching":[75,142],"at":[76,143],"intermediate":[77],"tiers.":[78,133],"validate":[80],"our":[81,97,114,155,211],"using":[83],"real":[84],"running":[87],"Linux":[90],"server":[91],"cluster.":[92],"experiments":[94,170],"indicate":[95],"that":[96],"faithfully":[99],"captures":[100],"these":[104],"for":[106,128,178],"number":[108],"workloads":[110],"configurations.":[112],"Furthermore,":[113],"successfully":[116],"handles":[117],"comprehensive":[119],"range":[120],"resource":[122],"utilization---from":[123],"0":[124],"near":[126],"saturation":[127],"CPU---for":[130],"two":[131,225],"separate":[132],"For":[134],"variety":[136],"scenarios,":[138],"including":[139],"those":[140],"one":[144,190],"tiers,":[148],"average":[150,166],"response":[151,167,217],"times":[152],"predicted":[153],"by":[154,220,229],"were":[157],"within":[158],"95%":[160],"confidence":[161],"intervals":[162],"observed":[165],"times.":[168],"also":[171],"demonstrate":[172],"utility":[174],"dynamic":[179,207],"capacity":[180,223],"provisioning,":[181],"prediction,":[183],"bottleneck":[184],"identification,":[185],"session":[187],"policing.":[188],"In":[189],"scenario,":[191],"request":[194],"arrival":[195],"rate":[196],"increased":[197],"from":[198],"less":[199],"than":[200],"1500":[201],"nearly":[203],"4200":[204],"requests/minute,":[205],"provisioning":[208],"technique":[209],"employing":[210],"was":[213],"able":[214],"maintain":[216],"time":[218],"targets":[219],"increasing":[221],"factors":[230],"2":[232],"3.5,":[234],"respectively.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
