{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2134167315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1217299.1217302","title":"<i>L</i> -diversity","display_name":"<i>L</i> -diversity","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2134167315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1217299.1217302","mag":"2134167315"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1217299.1217302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1217299.1217302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018314576","display_name":"Ashwin Machanavajjhala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1555-7330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashwin Machanavajjhala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","Cornell University (Ithaca, NY);"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University (Ithaca, NY);","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005431144","display_name":"Daniel Kifer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4611-7066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Kifer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","Cornell University (Ithaca, NY);"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University (Ithaca, NY);","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023537206","display_name":"Johannes Gehrke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6293-5209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Gehrke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","Cornell University (Ithaca, NY);"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University (Ithaca, NY);","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087774653","display_name":"Muthuramakrishnan Venkitasubramaniam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9765-7911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muthuramakrishnan Venkitasubramaniam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","Cornell University (Ithaca, NY);"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University (Ithaca, NY);","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":192.7658,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3595,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99995834,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.7737331986427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7433269023895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-publishing","display_name":"Data publishing","score":0.7357591986656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.692541241645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.6657359600067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-anonymity","display_name":"k-anonymity","score":0.6269277334213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5110841989517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5015196800231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-sensitivity","display_name":"Information sensitivity","score":0.4749733805656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4131876230239868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3942376375198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33138126134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publishing","display_name":"Publishing","score":0.3261544704437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08395686745643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.07422211766242981}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.7737331986427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7433269023895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781396290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17051824","display_name":"Data publishing","level":3,"score":0.7357591986656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.692541241645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.6657359600067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777706471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17061432","display_name":"k-anonymity","level":3,"score":0.6269277334213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5110841989517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5015196800231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.4749733805656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4131876230239868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3942376375198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33138126134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151719136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3972943","display_name":"Publishing","level":2,"score":0.3261544704437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08395686745643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.07422211766242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1217299.1217302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1217299.1217302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56293434","https://openalex.org/W140857543","https://openalex.org/W144218336","https://openalex.org/W183622412","https://openalex.org/W1493710231","https://openalex.org/W1495553750","https://openalex.org/W1497862515","https://openalex.org/W1499220070","https://openalex.org/W1506285740","https://openalex.org/W1539054296","https://openalex.org/W1544579602","https://openalex.org/W1553404387","https://openalex.org/W1555685761","https://openalex.org/W1557915535","https://openalex.org/W1655092483","https://openalex.org/W1970066673","https://openalex.org/W1973128036","https://openalex.org/W1976523961","https://openalex.org/W1986672069","https://openalex.org/W1987283635","https://openalex.org/W1989799419","https://openalex.org/W1999602050","https://openalex.org/W2002352982","https://openalex.org/W2006453614","https://openalex.org/W2010317729","https://openalex.org/W2010523825","https://openalex.org/W2013823004","https://openalex.org/W2022079499","https://openalex.org/W2023401109","https://openalex.org/W2027471022","https://openalex.org/W2028907859","https://openalex.org/W2029712629","https://openalex.org/W2035071899","https://openalex.org/W2044307594","https://openalex.org/W2046776785","https://openalex.org/W2051185600","https://openalex.org/W2052806235","https://openalex.org/W2067858436","https://openalex.org/W2074208183","https://openalex.org/W2078937669","https://openalex.org/W2080911030","https://openalex.org/W2081578468","https://openalex.org/W2093367651","https://openalex.org/W2106898966","https://openalex.org/W2110868467","https://openalex.org/W2111410869","https://openalex.org/W2112022568","https://openalex.org/W2113427031","https://openalex.org/W2118024521","https://openalex.org/W2119067110","https://openalex.org/W2128906841","https://openalex.org/W2130099852","https://openalex.org/W2132591512","https://openalex.org/W2134479759","https://openalex.org/W2136195300","https://openalex.org/W2136661217","https://openalex.org/W2138520657","https://openalex.org/W2139979322","https://openalex.org/W2155018912","https://openalex.org/W2159024459","https://openalex.org/W2161030490","https://openalex.org/W2161229593","https://openalex.org/W2164341199","https://openalex.org/W2169002078","https://openalex.org/W2169134473","https://openalex.org/W2170351346","https://openalex.org/W2293654645","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2630394794","https://openalex.org/W2914418376","https://openalex.org/W4210741401","https://openalex.org/W4248358572"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297283167","https://openalex.org/W4214884728","https://openalex.org/W2126140221","https://openalex.org/W2065115787","https://openalex.org/W68889645","https://openalex.org/W3099174144","https://openalex.org/W4313343729","https://openalex.org/W2108085013","https://openalex.org/W3172138632","https://openalex.org/W3173148080"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Publishing":[0],"data":[1],"about":[2,8],"individuals":[3],"without":[4],"revealing":[5],"sensitive":[6,80,89],"information":[7],"them":[9],"is":[10,35,84,92,160],"an":[11,73,155],"important":[12],"problem.":[13,95],"In":[14,28,51,143],"recent":[15],"years,":[16],"a":[17,29,61,93,119,129,147],"new":[18],"definition":[19],"of":[20,79,122],"privacy":[21,70,111,133],"called":[22,135],"k":[23,30,40,62,106],"-anonymity":[24,107],"has":[25,65],"gained":[26],"popularity.":[27],"-anonymized":[31,63],"dataset,":[32],"each":[33],"record":[34],"indistinguishable":[36],"from":[37],"at":[38],"least":[39],"\u2212":[41],"1":[42],"other":[43],"records":[44],"with":[45],"respect":[46],"to":[47,145],"certain":[48],"identifying":[49],"attributes.":[50,90],"this":[52],"article,":[53],"we":[54,103,127,152],"show":[55,104,153],"using":[56,114],"two":[57,124],"simple":[58],"attacks":[59],"that":[60,105,137,158],"dataset":[64],"some":[66],"subtle":[67],"but":[68],"severe":[69],"problems.":[71],"First,":[72],"attacker":[74],"can":[75,138,163],"discover":[76],"the":[77],"values":[78],"attributes":[81],"when":[82],"there":[83],"little":[85],"diversity":[86],"in":[87,154],"those":[88],"This":[91],"known":[94],"Second,":[96],"attackers":[97,113],"often":[98],"have":[99],"background":[100,115],"knowledge,":[101],"and":[102,126,131,162],"does":[108],"not":[109],"guarantee":[110],"against":[112,140],"knowledge.":[116],"We":[117],"give":[118],"detailed":[120],"analysis":[121],"these":[123],"attacks,":[125],"propose":[128],"novel":[130],"powerful":[132],"criterion":[134],"\u2113-diversity":[136,159],"defend":[139],"such":[141],"attacks.":[142],"addition":[144],"building":[146],"formal":[148],"foundation":[149],"for":[150],"\u2113-diversity,":[151],"experimental":[156],"evaluation":[157],"practical":[161],"be":[164],"implemented":[165],"efficiently.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":173},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":154},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":178},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":177},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":248},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":211},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":184},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":241},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":245},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":232},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":247},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":261},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":223},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":189}],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T08:28:00.272161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
