{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4250347244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1190216.1190258","title":"Program verification as probabilistic inference","display_name":"Program verification as probabilistic inference","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4250347244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1190216.1190258"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1190216.1190258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1190216.1190258","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 34th annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011543162","display_name":"Sumit Gulwani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9226-9634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumit Gulwani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108373424","display_name":"Neboj\u0161a Joji\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nebojsa Jojic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9196,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86812609,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"277","last_page":"289"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7346456050872803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6875414848327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5970396995544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.5903295278549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5165644884109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5146485567092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5104776620864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4931790232658386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.4719996452331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomized-algorithm","display_name":"Randomized algorithm","score":0.45788633823394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4404389560222626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4256063997745514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24388733506202698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2221006453037262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7346456050872803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6875414848327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5970396995544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.5903295278549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5165644884109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5146485567092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5104776620864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4931790232658386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4719996452331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128669082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583461","display_name":"Randomized algorithm","level":2,"score":0.45788633823394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4404389560222626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4256063997745514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24388733506202698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2221006453037262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1190216.1190258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1190216.1190258","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 34th annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42612674","https://openalex.org/W1489487975","https://openalex.org/W1531054827","https://openalex.org/W1597009588","https://openalex.org/W2007455965","https://openalex.org/W2043100293","https://openalex.org/W2081810835","https://openalex.org/W2082000355","https://openalex.org/W2098698656","https://openalex.org/W2112243500","https://openalex.org/W2114633883","https://openalex.org/W2132661148","https://openalex.org/W2134963415","https://openalex.org/W2137813581","https://openalex.org/W2151759383","https://openalex.org/W2162091689","https://openalex.org/W2295903414"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3008339103","https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W1508895727","https://openalex.org/W4286663615","https://openalex.org/W2947276586"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,192,211],"this":[1,99,197],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,195,213],"propose":[4],"a":[5,15,19,71,206],"new":[6],"algorithm":[7,22,65,101,120,138,164,198],"for":[8,18,31,40,186],"proving":[9],"the":[10,26,29,36,76,90,93,110,122,137,143,148,163,167,201,220],"validity":[11,46],"or":[12,47,130],"invalidity":[13,48],"of":[14,28,51,113,170,190,203,205,219],"pre/postcondition":[16],"pair":[17],"program.":[20],"The":[21,45,64,119,160],"is":[23,172,177],"motivated":[24],"by":[25,67],"success":[27],"algorithms":[30],"probabilistic":[32],"inference":[33],"developed":[34],"in":[35,42,162],"machine":[37],"learning":[38],"community":[39],"reasoning":[41],"graphical":[43],"models.":[44],"proof":[49,202],"consists":[50],"providing":[52],"an":[53],"invariant":[54],"at":[55,92,156],"each":[56],"program":[57,72],"point":[58,73],"that":[59,98,132,166,182],"can":[60],"be":[61],"locally":[62,85],"verified.":[63],"works":[66],"iteratively":[68],"randomly":[69],"selecting":[70],"and":[74,115,145,154],"updating":[75],"current":[77],"abstract":[78],"state":[79],"representation":[80],"to":[81,89,124,199],"make":[82],"it":[83,133],"more":[84],"consistent":[86],"(with":[87],"respect":[88],"abstractions":[91],"neighboring":[94],"points).":[95],"We":[96],"show":[97],"simple":[100],"has":[102,121],"some":[103],"interesting":[104,188],"aspects:":[105],"(a)":[106],"It":[107],"brings":[108],"together":[109],"complementary":[111],"powers":[112],"forward":[114,144],"backward":[116,146],"analyses;":[117],"(b)":[118],"ability":[123],"recover":[125],"itself":[126],"from":[127],"excessive":[128],"under-approximation":[129],"over-approximation":[131],"may":[134],"make.":[135],"(Because":[136],"does":[139],"not":[140],"distinguish":[141],"between":[142],"information,":[147],"information":[149],"could":[150],"get":[151],"both":[152],"under-approximated":[153],"over-approximated":[155],"any":[157,187],"step.)":[158],"(c)":[159],"randomness":[161],"ensures":[165],"correct":[168],"choice":[169],"updates":[171],"eventually":[173],"made":[174],"as":[175],"there":[176],"no":[178],"single":[179],"deterministic":[180],"strategy":[181],"would":[183],"provably":[184],"work":[185],"class":[189],"programs.":[191],"our":[193],"experiments":[194],"use":[196],"produce":[200],"correctness":[204],"small":[207],"(but":[208],"non-trivial)":[209],"example.":[210],"addition,":[212],"empirically":[214],"illustrate":[215],"several":[216],"important":[217],"properties":[218],"algorithm.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}