{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2141829608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1190036.1190041","title":"Personal space in virtual reality","display_name":"Personal space in virtual reality","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2141829608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1190036.1190041","mag":"2141829608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1190036.1190041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1190036.1190041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32453091","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","issn_l":"1544-3558","issn":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056063992","display_name":"Laurie M. Wilcox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3594-6192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laurie M. Wilcox","raw_affiliation_strings":["York University, Toronto, Canada","York University, Toronto,Canada#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University, Toronto,Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036150889","display_name":"Robert S. Allison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4485-2665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert S. Allison","raw_affiliation_strings":["York University, Toronto, Canada","York University, Toronto,Canada#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University, Toronto,Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012825549","display_name":"Samuel Elfassy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Elfassy","raw_affiliation_strings":["York University, Toronto, Canada","York University, Toronto,Canada#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University, Toronto,Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034956051","display_name":"Cynthia Grelik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Grelik","raw_affiliation_strings":["York University, Toronto, Canada","York University, Toronto,Canada#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University, Toronto,Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056063992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1477,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":128,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78571429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"412","last_page":"428"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereoscopy","display_name":"Stereoscopy","score":0.853107213973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.7651251554489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.642871618270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sense-of-presence","display_name":"Sense of presence","score":0.5906487107276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-communication","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","score":0.4985926151275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.4779950678348541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4625932574272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4415236711502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4272935688495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.331787109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3189351260662079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.23421603441238403}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126057942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35158","display_name":"Stereoscopy","level":2,"score":0.853107213973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7651251554489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.642871618270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987143623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5643204","display_name":"Sense of presence","level":3,"score":0.5906487107276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.4985926151275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4779950678348541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4625932574272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4415236711502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4272935688495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.331787109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3189351260662079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.23421603441238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1190036.1190041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1190036.1190041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32453091","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","issn_l":"1544-3558","issn":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.146.1266","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.146.1266","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cse.yorku.ca/percept/papers/HFES_Paper%20fin.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.146.31","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.146.31","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cse.yorku.ca/percept/papers/Allison-%20Personal%20space%20in%20virtual%20reality.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551717579","https://openalex.org/W1600099874","https://openalex.org/W1656810637","https://openalex.org/W1744727450","https://openalex.org/W1966145277","https://openalex.org/W1983006628","https://openalex.org/W1993186661","https://openalex.org/W2002713980","https://openalex.org/W2010047555","https://openalex.org/W2018736781","https://openalex.org/W2025665503","https://openalex.org/W2032633302","https://openalex.org/W2042955620","https://openalex.org/W2049433767","https://openalex.org/W2057451632","https://openalex.org/W2064171501","https://openalex.org/W2077235177","https://openalex.org/W2092606919","https://openalex.org/W2094760689","https://openalex.org/W2100281869","https://openalex.org/W2106388603","https://openalex.org/W2113920515","https://openalex.org/W2117268255","https://openalex.org/W2123057633","https://openalex.org/W2123834143","https://openalex.org/W2129162329","https://openalex.org/W2143589302","https://openalex.org/W2150934365","https://openalex.org/W2161196887","https://openalex.org/W2162113618","https://openalex.org/W2164885106","https://openalex.org/W2404035398","https://openalex.org/W4292552611","https://openalex.org/W4376595422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317976588","https://openalex.org/W2073778669","https://openalex.org/W2902011785","https://openalex.org/W3095182901","https://openalex.org/W2314378126","https://openalex.org/W2532485175","https://openalex.org/W3211501801","https://openalex.org/W4361027796","https://openalex.org/W4285060304","https://openalex.org/W2175951718"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Improving":[0],"the":[1,116,125,131],"sense":[2],"of":[3,9,41,65,102,127,133],"\u201cpresence\u201d":[4],"is":[5,36],"a":[6],"common":[7],"goal":[8],"three-dimensional":[10],"(3D)":[11],"display":[12],"technology":[13],"for":[14,124],"film,":[15],"television,":[16],"and":[17,71,76,130],"virtual":[18,77,134],"reality.":[19],"However,":[20],"there":[21],"are":[22],"instances":[23],"in":[24,46,67,74,105,115],"which":[25,109],"3D":[26,107,128],"presentations":[27],"may":[28],"elicit":[29],"unanticipated":[30],"negative":[31,98],"responses.":[32],"For":[33],"example,":[34],"it":[35],"well":[37],"established":[38],"that":[39],"violations":[40,101],"interpersonal":[42,103],"space":[43,104],"cause":[44],"discomfort":[45],"real-world":[47],"situations.":[48],"Here":[49],"we":[50],"ask":[51],"if":[52],"people":[53],"respond":[54],"similarly":[55],"when":[56],"viewing":[57,80],"life-sized":[58],"stereoscopic":[59,106],"images.":[60],"Observers":[61,95],"rated":[62],"their":[63,89],"level":[64],"comfort":[66],"response":[68,91],"to":[69,87,92,100,112],"animate":[70],"inanimate":[72],"objects":[73],"live":[75],"(stereoscopic":[78],"projection)":[79],"conditions.":[81],"Electrodermal":[82],"activity":[83],"was":[84],"also":[85],"recorded":[86],"monitor":[88],"physiological":[90],"these":[93],"stimuli.":[94],"exhibited":[96],"significant":[97],"reactions":[99],"displays,":[108],"were":[110],"equivalent":[111],"those":[113],"experienced":[114],"natural":[117],"environment.":[118],"These":[119],"data":[120],"have":[121],"important":[122],"implications":[123],"creation":[126],"media":[129],"use":[132],"reality":[135],"systems.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
