{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996574389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1189748.1189752","title":"Designing and comparing automated test oracles for GUI-based software applications","display_name":"Designing and comparing automated test oracles for GUI-based software applications","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996574389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1189748.1189752","mag":"1996574389"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1189748.1189752","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1189748.1189752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013657140","display_name":"Qing Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-588X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103489081","display_name":"Atif M. Memon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atif M. Memon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.0469,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":181,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99608355,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8153661489486694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.7547021508216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-management-approach","display_name":"Test Management Approach","score":0.6557725071907043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.6394267082214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-harness","display_name":"Test harness","score":0.6136440634727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface-testing","display_name":"Graphical user interface testing","score":0.5908119678497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5569208860397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-suite","display_name":"Test suite","score":0.5168793201446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keyword-driven-testing","display_name":"Keyword-driven testing","score":0.5157957077026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-script","display_name":"Test script","score":0.47898197174072266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assertion","display_name":"Assertion","score":0.47466471791267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.454555869102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"Graphical user interface","score":0.4442939758300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.37975436449050903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3730606734752655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2909920811653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.18970805406570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.1792874038219452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.13980117440223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface-design","display_name":"User interface design","score":0.06712475419044495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8153661489486694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.7547021508216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7435765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705776","display_name":"Test Management Approach","level":5,"score":0.6557725071907043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.6394267082214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109852812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2406355","display_name":"Test harness","level":5,"score":0.6136440634727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66153210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597182","display_name":"Graphical user interface testing","level":4,"score":0.5908119678497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5569208860397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151552104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705809","display_name":"Test suite","level":4,"score":0.5168793201446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169168650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1675637","display_name":"Keyword-driven testing","level":5,"score":0.5157957077026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109086967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2509100","display_name":"Test script","level":4,"score":0.47898197174072266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40422974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741248","display_name":"Assertion","level":2,"score":0.47466471791267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.454555869102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.4442939758300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.37975436449050903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3730606734752655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2909920811653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.18970805406570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.1792874038219452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.13980117440223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149229913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135707","display_name":"User interface design","level":3,"score":0.06712475419044495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1189748.1189752","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1189748.1189752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.396.9441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.396.9441","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.umd.edu/~atif/papers/XieMemonTOSEM2006.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.94.7598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.94.7598","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.umd.edu/~atif/papers/XieMemonTOSEM2006.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W144789550","https://openalex.org/W169792282","https://openalex.org/W1488694377","https://openalex.org/W1517536341","https://openalex.org/W1583858229","https://openalex.org/W1591521007","https://openalex.org/W1825341937","https://openalex.org/W1856380672","https://openalex.org/W1964446022","https://openalex.org/W1980157085","https://openalex.org/W1989712291","https://openalex.org/W1992602600","https://openalex.org/W1996730048","https://openalex.org/W2018347567","https://openalex.org/W2023027674","https://openalex.org/W2024571027","https://openalex.org/W2025914262","https://openalex.org/W2038404620","https://openalex.org/W2039571931","https://openalex.org/W2048327004","https://openalex.org/W2064929511","https://openalex.org/W2070804159","https://openalex.org/W2075147138","https://openalex.org/W2076796892","https://openalex.org/W2080050653","https://openalex.org/W2081567051","https://openalex.org/W2081814494","https://openalex.org/W2091587497","https://openalex.org/W2103214156","https://openalex.org/W2106511395","https://openalex.org/W2110441383","https://openalex.org/W2111654822","https://openalex.org/W2113944334","https://openalex.org/W2118542736","https://openalex.org/W2124545556","https://openalex.org/W2125831829","https://openalex.org/W2126627822","https://openalex.org/W2138784804","https://openalex.org/W2143292990","https://openalex.org/W2152728663","https://openalex.org/W2154897437","https://openalex.org/W2157888382","https://openalex.org/W2162661340","https://openalex.org/W2164015061","https://openalex.org/W2166985644","https://openalex.org/W2167762898","https://openalex.org/W2170108788","https://openalex.org/W2171441042","https://openalex.org/W2171680248","https://openalex.org/W2172081876","https://openalex.org/W4235970464","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4386755149","https://openalex.org/W6608917707","https://openalex.org/W6631015191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392299784","https://openalex.org/W2122987706","https://openalex.org/W2497772001","https://openalex.org/W2043709926","https://openalex.org/W57482378","https://openalex.org/W4239216682","https://openalex.org/W2075147138","https://openalex.org/W1498418524","https://openalex.org/W1996574389","https://openalex.org/W2105472702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Test":[0,83,233],"designers":[1,84],"widely":[2],"believe":[3],"that":[4,30,37,215],"the":[5,16,25,31,52,87,114,153,158,172,220,255,262,274],"overall":[6],"effectiveness":[7,55],"and":[8,18,56,139,175,203,229,287,291],"cost":[9,57,176],"of":[10,20,58,90,93,128,166,177,189,198,224,257,282],"software":[11,41,210],"testing":[12],"depends":[13],"largely":[14],"on":[15,24,208],"type":[17],"number":[19],"test":[21,32,47,60,80,99,102,109,120,131,154,160,180,192,199,216,225,244,258,268,285,293,301],"cases":[22,226,234,269],"executed":[23,43,116],"software.":[26],"This":[27],"article":[28],"shows":[29],"oracle":[33,81,253,275],",":[34],"a":[35,40,46,59,119,123,126,130,178,251,279],"mechanism":[36],"determines":[38],"whether":[39,113],"is":[42,125,194,276],"correctly":[44],"for":[45,70,79,122,147,297],"case,":[48],"also":[49],"significantly":[50,170,235],"impacts":[51],"fault":[53,221,238],"detection":[54,222,239],"case.":[61,181],"Graphical":[62],"user":[63],"interfaces":[64],"(GUIs),":[65],"which":[66],"have":[67,75],"become":[68],"ubiquitous":[69],"interacting":[71],"with":[72],"today's":[73],"software,":[74],"created":[76],"new":[77],"challenges":[78],"development.":[82],"manually":[85],"\u201cassert\u201d":[86],"expected":[88],"values":[89],"specific":[91],"properties":[92],"certain":[94,267],"GUI":[95,115,124,179,191],"widgets":[96],"in":[97,152,205,227,247],"each":[98,150],"case;":[100],"during":[101,278,284],"execution,":[103],"these":[104,167],"assertions":[105],"are":[106,201],"used":[107],"as":[108],"oracles":[110,193,200,217,294],"to":[111,137,143,184],"determine":[112],"correctly.":[117],"Since":[118],"case":[121,155,161,259],"sequence":[127],"events,":[129],"designer":[132],"must":[133],"decide:":[134],"(1)":[135,232],"what":[136],"assert;":[138],"(2)":[140,246],"how":[141],"frequently":[142],"check":[144],"an":[145,206],"assertion,":[146],"example,":[148],"after":[149,157],"event":[151],"or":[156],"entire":[159],"has":[162],"completed":[163],"execution.":[164],"Variations":[165],"two":[168],"factors":[169],"impact":[171],"fault-detection":[173],"ability":[174,223,240],"A":[182],"technique":[183],"declaratively":[185],"specify":[186],"different":[187,228],"types":[188],"automated":[190],"described.":[195],"Six":[196],"instances":[197],"developed":[202],"compared":[204],"experiment":[207],"four":[209],"systems.":[211],"The":[212],"results":[213],"show":[214],"do":[218],"affect":[219],"interesting":[230],"ways:":[231],"lose":[236],"their":[237],"when":[241],"using":[242,289],"\u201cweak\u201d":[243],"oracles;":[245],"many":[248],"cases,":[249],"invoking":[250],"\u201cthorough\u201d":[252],"at":[254],"end":[256],"execution":[260],"yields":[261],"best":[263],"cost-benefit":[264],"ratio;":[265],"(3)":[266],"detect":[270],"faults":[271],"only":[272],"if":[273],"invoked":[277],"small":[280],"\u201cwindow":[281],"opportunity\u201d":[283],"execution;":[286],"(4)":[288],"thorough":[290],"frequently-executing":[292],"can":[295],"compensate":[296],"not":[298],"having":[299],"long":[300],"cases.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}