{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1966976164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1188455.1188658","title":"Keynote---The coming merger of biological and non biological intelligence","display_name":"Keynote---The coming merger of biological and non biological intelligence","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1966976164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1188455.1188658","mag":"1966976164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1188455.1188658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1188455.1188658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing  - SC '06","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004215755","display_name":"Ray Kurzweil","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ray Kurzweil","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004215755"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06089671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"195","last_page":"195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13937","display_name":"Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Research","score":0.8644000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13937","display_name":"Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Research","score":0.8644000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4793853759765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3499094843864441}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4793853759765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3499094843864441}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1188455.1188658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1188455.1188658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing  - SC '06","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2130043461","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,58,72,108,234,258,357],"paradigm":[1],"shift":[2],"rate":[3,85,236],"is":[4,62,80,228,244,267],"now":[5],"doubling":[6,51],"every":[7,56],"decade,":[8],"so":[9],"the":[10,34,75,99,119,122,133,154,199,256,261,277,280,292,307,316,332,349,365,369],"twenty-first":[11],"century":[12],"will":[13,97,113,190,282,300,327,359],"see":[14],"20,000":[15],"years":[16],"of":[17,33,66,68,74,78,86,121,173,201,214,216,226,260,264,275,279,296,306,310,318,348],"progress":[18],"at":[19,45,83],"today's":[20],"rate.":[21],"Computation,":[22],"communication,":[23],"biological":[24],"technologies":[25],"(for":[26],"example,":[27,162],"DNA":[28],"sequencing),":[29],"brain":[30],"scanning,":[31],"knowledge":[32,39],"human":[35,38,123,297,355],"brain,":[36,124],"and":[37,54,145,151,170,197,203,211,218,223,242,271,287,294,336,353,368],"in":[40,116,192,206,209,255,331],"general":[41],"are":[42,130,142,152,176],"all":[43,347],"accelerating":[44],"an":[46,361],"even":[47],"faster":[48],"pace,":[49],"generally":[50],"price-performance,":[52],"capacity,":[53],"bandwidth":[55],"year.":[57],"well-known":[59],"Moore's":[60],"Law":[61],"only":[63],"one":[64,185],"example":[65],"many":[67],"this":[69],"inherent":[70],"acceleration.":[71],"size":[73],"key":[76],"features":[77],"technology":[79,266],"also":[81],"shrinking,":[82],"a":[84,125,193,251,273],"about":[87,245],"4":[88],"per":[89,92,248],"linear":[90],"dimension":[91],"decade.":[93],"Three-dimensional":[94],"molecular":[95],"computing":[96],"provide":[98],"hardware":[100,241],"for":[101,161,237],"human-level":[102],"strong":[103],"AI":[104],"well":[105,127,314],"before":[106],"2030.":[107],"more":[109],"important":[110],"software":[111,134,222],"insights":[112],"be":[114,191,283,328,360],"gained":[115],"part":[117],"from":[118],"reverse-engineering":[120],"process":[126,371],"under":[128],"way.We":[129],"rapidly":[131,229],"learning":[132],"programs":[135],"called":[136],"genes":[137,168],"that":[138],"underlie":[139],"biology.":[140],"We":[141],"understanding":[143],"disease":[144,202],"aging":[146,204],"processes":[147],"as":[148,313,315],"information":[149,227,238,265,286],"processes,":[150],"gaining":[153],"tools":[155],"to":[156,165,179,186,195,231,320],"reprogram":[157],"them.":[158],"RNA":[159],"interference,":[160],"allows":[163],"us":[164,178],"turn":[166],"selected":[167],"off,":[169],"new":[171,182],"forms":[172,225],"gene":[174],"therapy":[175],"enabling":[177],"effectively":[180],"add":[181],"genes.":[183],"Within":[184],"two":[187],"decades,":[188,276],"we":[189],"position":[194],"stop":[196],"reverse":[198],"progression":[200],"resulting":[205],"dramatic":[207],"gains":[208],"health":[210],"longevity.The":[212],"fraction":[213],"value":[215],"products":[217],"services":[219],"comprised":[220,263],"by":[221,285],"related":[224],"asymptoting":[230],"100":[232],"percent":[233,247],"deflation":[235],"technologies,":[239,312],"both":[240],"software,":[243],"50":[246],"year,":[249],"providing":[250,339],"powerful":[252],"deflationary":[253],"force":[254],"economy.":[257],"portion":[259],"economy":[262,281],"itself":[268],"growing":[269],"exponentially":[270],"within":[272],"couple":[274],"bulk":[278],"dominated":[284],"software.Once":[288],"nonbiological":[289],"intelligence":[290],"matches":[291],"range":[293],"subtlety":[295],"intelligence,":[298],"it":[299,304,372],"necessarily":[301],"soar":[302],"past":[303],"because":[305],"continuing":[308],"acceleration":[309],"information-based":[311],"ability":[317],"machines":[319],"instantly":[321],"share":[322],"their":[323],"knowledge.":[324],"Intelligent":[325],"nanorobots":[326],"deeply":[329],"integrated":[330],"environment,":[333],"our":[334,337],"bodies":[335],"brains,":[338],"vastly":[340],"extended":[341],"longevity,":[342],"full-immersion":[343],"virtual":[344],"reality":[345],"incorporating":[346],"senses,":[350],"experience":[351],"beaming,":[352],"enhanced":[354],"intelligence.":[356],"implication":[358],"intimate":[362],"merger":[363],"between":[364],"technology-creating":[366],"species":[367],"evolutionary":[370],"spawned.":[373]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}