{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2134963864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176760.1176805","title":"Architecture and circuit techniques for low-throughput, energy-constrained systems across technology generations","display_name":"Architecture and circuit techniques for low-throughput, energy-constrained systems across technology generations","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2134963864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176760.1176805","mag":"2134963864"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1176760.1176805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176760.1176805","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018352758","display_name":"Mark Hempstead","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Hempstead","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","Harvard University, Cambridge, Ma.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, Ma.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043327132","display_name":"Gu-Yeon Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-9904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu-Yeon Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","Harvard University, Cambridge, Ma.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, Ma.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026496503","display_name":"David Brooks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0662-7889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Brooks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","Harvard University, Cambridge, Ma.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, Ma.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5337,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84072313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"368","last_page":"378"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-gating","display_name":"Power gating","score":0.7180137634277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6320328712463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.6060479283332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5272989273071289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5240488052368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.5165995359420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5005605220794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.49126261472702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.46431753039360046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-power-electronics","display_name":"Low-power electronics","score":0.4134933352470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.40374475717544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39692258834838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3523330092430115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.28886598348617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2885332703590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2696259915828705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23476657271385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.22724851965904236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13227522373199463}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780700455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236515","display_name":"Power gating","level":4,"score":0.7180137634277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6320328712463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6060479283332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5272989273071289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5240488052368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.5165995359420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5005605220794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.49126261472702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.46431753039360046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117551214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6692774","display_name":"Low-power electronics","level":4,"score":0.4134933352470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.40374475717544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39692258834838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3523330092430115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.28886598348617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2885332703590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2696259915828705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23476657271385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.22724851965904236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13227522373199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1176760.1176805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176760.1176805","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.152.4841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.152.4841","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~dbrooks/hempstead_case06.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.331.587","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.331.587","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cecs.uci.edu/~papers/esweek06/cases/p368.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.904.5393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.904.5393","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ece.drexel.edu/mhempstead/pubs/cases3199-hempstead.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.94.7722","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.94.7722","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mhempste/pubs/cases3199-hempstead.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491082069","https://openalex.org/W1509885357","https://openalex.org/W2002038549","https://openalex.org/W2005091154","https://openalex.org/W2012310437","https://openalex.org/W2099760741","https://openalex.org/W2104135808","https://openalex.org/W2104726505","https://openalex.org/W2105524902","https://openalex.org/W2110134128","https://openalex.org/W2113774867","https://openalex.org/W2113996606","https://openalex.org/W2116070420","https://openalex.org/W2121194013","https://openalex.org/W2122846829","https://openalex.org/W2125263803","https://openalex.org/W2125892790","https://openalex.org/W2126357937","https://openalex.org/W2126810113","https://openalex.org/W2127949150","https://openalex.org/W2131054871","https://openalex.org/W2142172865","https://openalex.org/W2145032215","https://openalex.org/W2147035977","https://openalex.org/W2154941994","https://openalex.org/W2160017277","https://openalex.org/W2162278060","https://openalex.org/W2539912475","https://openalex.org/W3172772885","https://openalex.org/W4241494862","https://openalex.org/W4244736679","https://openalex.org/W4302391768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966798817","https://openalex.org/W1551499744","https://openalex.org/W3147712429","https://openalex.org/W3127845477","https://openalex.org/W2938543345","https://openalex.org/W2105974726","https://openalex.org/W2153617009","https://openalex.org/W2145376025","https://openalex.org/W2065771407","https://openalex.org/W2143954265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rising":[0],"interest":[1],"in":[2,12,68],"the":[3,13,137,158,172],"applications":[4,76],"of":[5,15,100,132,160],"wireless":[6],"sensor":[7,27,194],"networks":[8],"has":[9],"spurred":[10],"research":[11],"development":[14],"computing":[16,105],"systems":[17],"for":[18,75,90,111,126,146,193],"low-throughput,":[19],"energy-constrained":[20],"applications.":[21,92,196],"Unlike":[22],"traditional":[23],"performance":[24,53],"oriented":[25],"applications,":[26],"network":[28,195],"nodes":[29],"are":[30],"primarily":[31],"constrained":[32],"by":[33,39],"operation":[34],"lifetime,":[35],"which":[36,71],"is":[37,72],"limited":[38],"power":[40,89,142,145,155],"consumption.":[41],"Advanced":[42],"CMOS":[43],"process":[44,101,133,161,187],"technologies":[45,102,188],"provide":[46],"ever":[47],"increasing":[48],"transistor":[49],"density":[50],"and":[51,59,87,118,143,163],"improved":[52],"characteristics.":[54],"However,":[55],"shrinking":[56],"feature":[57],"size":[58],"decreasing":[60],"threshold":[61],"voltages":[62],"also":[63],"lead":[64],"to":[65],"significant":[66,78],"increases":[67],"leakage":[69,86,144,154,168],"current,":[70],"especially":[73],"troublesome":[74],"with":[77],"idle":[79],"times.":[80],"This":[81],"work":[82],"investigates":[83],"tradeoffs":[84],"between":[85,140],"active":[88,141],"low-throughput":[91],"We":[93,122,178],"study":[94],"these":[95],"issues":[96],"across":[97],"a":[98,104,124,147],"range":[99],"on":[103],"architecture":[106],"that":[107,135,153,165,180],"provides":[108],"explicit":[109],"support":[110,166],"fine-grain":[112],"leakage-control":[113],"techniques":[114,170],"such":[115],"as":[116],"Vdd-gating":[117],"adaptive":[119],"body":[120],"bias.":[121],"present":[123],"methodology":[125],"selecting":[127],"design":[128],"parameters,":[129],"including":[130],"choice":[131],"technology,":[134,162],"makes":[136],"optimal":[138],"tradeoff":[139],"given":[148],"workload.":[149],"Our":[150],"results":[151],"show":[152],"will":[156,175,189],"dominate":[157],"selection":[159],"architectures":[164,184],"advanced":[167,182],"control":[169],"at":[171],"circuit":[173],"level":[174],"be":[176,191],"essential.":[177],"argue":[179],"without":[181],"low-power":[183],"future":[185],"nano-scale":[186],"not":[190],"suited":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}