{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983682552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176617.1176747","title":"The ultra challenge","display_name":"The ultra challenge","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983682552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176617.1176747","mag":"1983682552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1176617.1176747","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176617.1176747","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion to the 21st ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010437018","display_name":"Steven Fraser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3958-6585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19268510","display_name":"Qualcomm (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04d3djg48","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19268510","https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Fraser","raw_affiliation_strings":["QUALCOMM","Qualcomm#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"QUALCOMM","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19268510"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041769662","display_name":"Gregor Kiczales","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregor Kiczales","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102098346","display_name":"Ricardo D. Lopez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19268510","display_name":"Qualcomm (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04d3djg48","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19268510","https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Lopez","raw_affiliation_strings":["QUALCOMM","Qualcomm#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"QUALCOMM","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19268510"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015261693","display_name":"Peter G. Neumann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1197-8000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter G. Neumann","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI","University of Virginia'"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia'","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108364301","display_name":"Linda Northrop","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda Northrop","raw_affiliation_strings":["SEI","SEI#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEI","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEI#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045127387","display_name":"Martin Rinard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8095-8523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109586","display_name":"Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/021es5e59","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109586"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Rinard","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109586"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082548649","display_name":"Douglas C. Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7389-4995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000090216","display_name":"Kevin Sullivan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9147-0988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia","University of Virginia'"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia'","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12195202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"929","last_page":"933"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9677000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9677000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downtime","display_name":"Downtime","score":0.8857736587524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.8280400037765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5933391451835632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.43107542395591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.38503342866897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3575736880302429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.13999247550964355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12792620062828064}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180591934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253369","display_name":"Downtime","level":2,"score":0.8857736587524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.8280400037765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5933391451835632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.43107542395591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.38503342866897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3575736880302429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.13999247550964355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12792620062828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1176617.1176747","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176617.1176747","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion to the 21st ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046276983","https://openalex.org/W2954002293","https://openalex.org/W2892741875","https://openalex.org/W2164372000","https://openalex.org/W2078264086","https://openalex.org/W2109143577","https://openalex.org/W1985537075","https://openalex.org/W2161582432","https://openalex.org/W1972812226","https://openalex.org/W187383352"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"can":[1],"the":[2,8,16,47],"ultra":[3,51],"large":[4,52],"systems":[5,53],"(ULS)":[6],"of":[7,18,20,22,56],"future":[9],"be":[10],"built":[11],"if":[12],"they":[13],"will":[14,43],"have":[15],"complexity":[17],"trillions":[19],"lines":[21],"code,":[23],"maintain":[24],"continuous":[25],"24x7":[26],"operations":[27],"with":[28,37],"no":[29],"downtime,":[30],"and":[31,45,61],"live":[32],"in":[33,54],"a":[34],"hostile":[35],"environment":[36],"unpredictably":[38],"changing":[39],"requirements?":[40],"This":[41],"panel":[42],"discuss":[44],"debate":[46],"challenges":[48],"posed":[49],"by":[50],"terms":[55],"their":[57],"design,":[58],"growth,":[59],"deployment":[60],"dynamics.":[62]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
