{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997259320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176617.1176645","title":"Ultra-large-scale systems","display_name":"Ultra-large-scale systems","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997259320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176617.1176645","mag":"1997259320"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1176617.1176645","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176617.1176645","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion to the 21st ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112621006","display_name":"Richard P. Gabriel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard P. Gabriel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Microsystems Laboratories, Menlo Park, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Microsystems Laboratories, Menlo Park, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108364301","display_name":"Linda Northrop","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114772536","display_name":"Software Engineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xqjjn94","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114772536","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda Northrop","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Software Engineering Institute, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Software Engineering Institute, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114772536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082548649","display_name":"Douglas C. Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7389-4995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas C. Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000090216","display_name":"Kevin Sullivan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9147-0988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.4738,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98370937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"632","last_page":"634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6880354285240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6114717125892639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.532220721244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-lines-of-code","display_name":"Source lines of code","score":0.47917500138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-assurance","display_name":"Quality assurance","score":0.47113627195358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.46859923005104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-systems","display_name":"System of systems","score":0.41837477684020996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.41235268115997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.41121476888656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3980768918991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-design","display_name":"Systems design","score":0.36276811361312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.35886943340301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3413333296775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.25616851449012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18973931670188904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.15367960929870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.10569867491722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08322915434837341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6880354285240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6114717125892639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.532220721244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942695","display_name":"Source lines of code","level":3,"score":0.47917500138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106436119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575","display_name":"Quality assurance","level":3,"score":0.47113627195358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46859923005104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87912763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663737","display_name":"System of systems","level":3,"score":0.41837477684020996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41235268115997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.41121476888656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3980768918991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.36276811361312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.35886943340301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3413333296775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25616851449012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18973931670188904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.15367960929870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.10569867491722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08322915434837341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778618615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008393","display_name":"External quality assessment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1176617.1176645","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1176617.1176645","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion to the 21st ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554081253"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077680936","https://openalex.org/W2949958531","https://openalex.org/W1533614215","https://openalex.org/W1844673478","https://openalex.org/W2885989553","https://openalex.org/W1980228813","https://openalex.org/W1542338789","https://openalex.org/W2133273222","https://openalex.org/W3124559273","https://openalex.org/W3207003916"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scale":[0],"changes":[1,160],"everything.":[2],"The":[3,87],"trend":[4],"in":[5,19,168,172],"the":[6,44,73,82,115,161],"design":[7],"and":[8,32,42,71,81,92,109],"development":[9],"of":[10,24,46,84,164],"software-intensive":[11],"systems":[12,38,52,56,97,147,174],"today":[13],"is":[14],"toward":[15],"scale":[16],"that":[17],"increases":[18],"every":[20],"measurable":[21],"way.":[22],"Lines":[23],"code,":[25],"complexity,":[26],"dependency,":[27],"communication,":[28],"bandwidth,":[29],"memory,":[30],"datasets,":[31],"many":[33],"other":[34],"measures":[35],"for":[36,53,152],"our":[37,47],"continue":[39,121],"to":[40,49,106,114,122,144,156],"reach":[41],"exceed":[43],"limits":[45],"ability":[48],"produce":[50],"high-quality":[51],"all":[54],"purposes.These":[55],"will":[57,64,94,98,102,110,120,136,142,176],"be":[58,76,103,107,111,138],"unbounded,":[59],"integrating":[60],"internet-scale":[61],"resources.":[62],"They":[63],"serve":[65],"diverse":[66],"stakeholders":[67],"with":[68,126],"competing":[69],"objectives":[70],"at":[72],"same":[74],"time":[75,125],"constrained":[77],"by":[78],"policy,":[79],"regulation,":[80],"behaviors":[83],"their":[85],"users.":[86],"lines":[88],"between":[89],"development,":[90],"acquisition,":[91],"operations":[93],"blur:":[95],"ULS":[96,146,173],"not":[99,137],"die;":[100],"they":[101,119,175],"too":[104],"large":[105],"replaced":[108],"inextricably":[112],"connected":[113],"day-to-day":[116],"mission.":[117],"Rather,":[118],"evolve":[123],"over":[124],"behavior":[127],"often":[128],"more":[129],"emergent":[130],"than":[131],"planned.":[132],"Because":[133],"complete":[134],"specifications":[135],"achievable,":[139],"sufficient":[140],"assurance":[141],"have":[143],"do.":[145],"present":[148],"\"wicked":[149],"problems,\"":[150],"ones":[151],"which":[153],"each":[154],"attempt":[155],"create":[157],"a":[158],"solution":[159],"problem.":[162],"Some":[163],"these":[165],"characteristics":[166],"appear":[167],"conventional":[169],"systems,":[170],"but":[171],"dominate.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
