{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2037141926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1168987.1169002","title":"American sign language recognition in game development for deaf children","display_name":"American sign language recognition in game development for deaf children","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2037141926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1168987.1169002","mag":"2037141926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1168987.1169002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1168987.1169002","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006121584","display_name":"Helene Brashear","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3418-1789"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Helene Brashear","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Atlanta, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054672497","display_name":"Valerie Henderson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valerie Henderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Atlanta, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014943644","display_name":"Kwang\u2010Hyun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8816-2976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwang-Hyun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061526359","display_name":"Harley Hamilton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802629044","display_name":"Atlanta Public Schools","ror":"https://ror.org/00496yk95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802629044"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harley Hamilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atlanta Area School for the Deaf, Clarkston, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atlanta Area School for the Deaf, Clarkston, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802629044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039823017","display_name":"Seungyon Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungyon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Atlanta, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045801671","display_name":"Thad\ufeff Starner\ufeff\ufeff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8442-7842"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thad Starner","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Atlanta, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006121584"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8716,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90032154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"79","last_page":"86"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-sign-language","display_name":"American Sign Language","score":0.7307220697402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7076799869537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.5818665623664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.5595927834510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.556123673915863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5436446666717529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.5216270089149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.4489993155002594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.42928099632263184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4087523818016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.35455024242401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32141047716140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.15652760863304138}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776737515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14759","display_name":"American Sign Language","level":3,"score":0.7307220697402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7076799869537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.5818665623664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.5595927834510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.556123673915863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5436446666717529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.5216270089149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.4489993155002594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42928099632263184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4087523818016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.35455024242401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32141047716140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.15652760863304138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1168987.1169002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1168987.1169002","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337112","display_name":"National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/021adze67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570461371","https://openalex.org/W1572849274","https://openalex.org/W1639784222","https://openalex.org/W1820019698","https://openalex.org/W1981798706","https://openalex.org/W1984588653","https://openalex.org/W2019610716","https://openalex.org/W2088260303","https://openalex.org/W2121252750","https://openalex.org/W2121936028","https://openalex.org/W2125834953","https://openalex.org/W2126430112","https://openalex.org/W2130462770","https://openalex.org/W2131308039","https://openalex.org/W2131472500","https://openalex.org/W2139359116","https://openalex.org/W2141464458","https://openalex.org/W2144958912","https://openalex.org/W2150745824","https://openalex.org/W2158538256","https://openalex.org/W2159226798","https://openalex.org/W2160897043","https://openalex.org/W2250051515","https://openalex.org/W2914955323","https://openalex.org/W3149066084","https://openalex.org/W6634220149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308478915","https://openalex.org/W2893683540","https://openalex.org/W1986488374","https://openalex.org/W3040456104","https://openalex.org/W2902873204","https://openalex.org/W2185750513","https://openalex.org/W4312416068","https://openalex.org/W3147379364","https://openalex.org/W2010878661","https://openalex.org/W2064351213"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CopyCat":[0],"is":[1,86,164],"an":[2,29],"American":[3],"Sign":[4],"Language":[5],"(ASL)":[6],"game,":[7,28],"which":[8],"uses":[9,134],"gesture":[10],"recognition":[11,49,132],"technology":[12],"to":[13,171,215],"help":[14],"young":[15],"deaf":[16,64],"children":[17,65,122,145,197],"practice":[18],"ASL":[19],"skills.":[20],"We":[21,178,205],"describe":[22],"a":[23,127],"brief":[24],"history":[25],"of":[26,31,38,44,55,63,68,71,111,120,157],"the":[27,36,42,72,75,80,106,155,201,218],"overview":[30],"recent":[32,39],"user":[33,61,95],"studies,":[34],"and":[35,99,102,115,142,169,198],"results":[37],"work":[40],"on":[41,154,193,200],"problem":[43],"continuous,":[45],"user-independent":[46,219],"sign":[47,118],"language":[48],"in":[50,91,105],"classroom":[51],"settings.":[52],"Our":[53,83,131],"database":[54],"signing":[56,123],"samples":[57,114,119],"was":[58],"collected":[59],"from":[60,126,195,213],"studies":[62],"playing":[66],"aWizard":[67],"Oz":[69],"version":[70],"game":[73,124],"at":[74],"Atlanta":[76],"Area":[77],"School":[78],"for":[79,138,176,217],"Deaf":[81],"(AASD).":[82],"data":[84,168,194],"set":[85],"characterized":[87],"by":[88,182],"disfluencies":[89],"inherent":[90],"continuous":[92],"signing,":[93],"varied":[94],"characteristics":[96],"including":[97],"clothing":[98],"skin":[100],"tones,":[101],"illumination":[103],"changes":[104],"classroom.":[107],"The":[108,144,160],"dataset":[109],"consisted":[110],"541":[112],"phrase":[113],"1,959":[116],"individual":[117],"five":[121],"phrases":[125],"22":[128],"word":[129,208],"vocabulary.":[130],"approach":[133,181],"color":[135],"histogram":[136],"adaptation":[137],"robust":[139],"hand":[140,161],"segmentation":[141],"tracking.":[143],"wear":[146],"small":[147],"colored":[148],"gloves":[149],"with":[150,166],"wireless":[151],"accelerometers":[152],"mounted":[153],"back":[156],"their":[158],"wrists.":[159],"shape":[162],"information":[163],"combined":[165],"accelerometer":[167],"used":[170],"train":[172],"hidden":[173],"Markov":[174],"models":[175],"recognition.":[177],"evaluated":[179],"our":[180],"using":[183],"leave-one-out":[184],"validation;":[185],"this":[186],"technique":[187],"iterates":[188],"through":[189],"each":[190],"child,":[191],"training":[192],"four":[196],"testing":[199],"remaining":[202],"child's":[203],"data.":[204],"achieved":[206],"average":[207],"accuracies":[209],"per":[210],"child":[211],"ranging":[212],"91.75%":[214],"73.73%":[216],"models.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}