{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964555080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1139922.1139955","title":"Service systems, service scientists, SSME, and innovation","display_name":"Service systems, service scientists, SSME, and innovation","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964555080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1139922.1139955","mag":"1964555080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1139922.1139955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1139922.1139955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036292300","display_name":"Paul P. Maglio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6846-5635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul P. Maglio","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose , CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose , CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103444961","display_name":"Savitha Srinivasan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Savitha Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose , CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose , CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001211729","display_name":"Jeffrey Kreulen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey T. Kreulen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose , CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose , CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005597610","display_name":"Jim Spohrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9864-2735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Spohrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose , CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose , CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":91.6419,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":541,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99992432,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"7","first_page":"81","last_page":"85"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11114","display_name":"Service and Product Innovation","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11114","display_name":"Service and Product Innovation","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11024","display_name":"Information Systems Theories and Implementation","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.7039797306060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.6424276232719421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5838668942451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-design","display_name":"Service design","score":0.4693300127983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.43454402685165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4244961142539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3736006021499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3509786128997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.33267003297805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-delivery-framework","display_name":"Service delivery framework","score":0.25906306505203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.20833900570869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1899019479751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.1254958212375641}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.7039797306060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6424276232719421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5838668942451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61063171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q532781","display_name":"Service design","level":4,"score":0.4693300127983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.43454402685165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4244961142539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3736006021499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3509786128997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.33267003297805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68595000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2274177","display_name":"Service delivery framework","level":3,"score":0.25906306505203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.20833900570869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1899019479751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1254958212375641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1139922.1139955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1139922.1139955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.580.7166","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.580.7166","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.soberit.hut.fi/T-86/T-86.5300/2006/CACM SSME Becoming a Service Scientist 20060330 v3-ictec.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":115,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10259981","https://openalex.org/W48382272","https://openalex.org/W128033230","https://openalex.org/W148760918","https://openalex.org/W169794968","https://openalex.org/W177275850","https://openalex.org/W358413981","https://openalex.org/W397370801","https://openalex.org/W565638796","https://openalex.org/W567874639","https://openalex.org/W578300925","https://openalex.org/W578584382","https://openalex.org/W918885930","https://openalex.org/W1495419098","https://openalex.org/W1497856011","https://openalex.org/W1502388085","https://openalex.org/W1526333779","https://openalex.org/W1529975861","https://openalex.org/W1532073982","https://openalex.org/W1534198929","https://openalex.org/W1534732112","https://openalex.org/W1540940861","https://openalex.org/W1556261887","https://openalex.org/W1602374198","https://openalex.org/W1604909128","https://openalex.org/W1608238977","https://openalex.org/W1714132059","https://openalex.org/W1727507497","https://openalex.org/W1964735047","https://openalex.org/W1965868677","https://openalex.org/W1967042038","https://openalex.org/W1967371805","https://openalex.org/W1967564341","https://openalex.org/W1970441067","https://openalex.org/W1970955382","https://openalex.org/W1972755324","https://openalex.org/W1975352827","https://openalex.org/W1975525977","https://openalex.org/W1979907230","https://openalex.org/W1988640842","https://openalex.org/W1996293917","https://openalex.org/W1998651516","https://openalex.org/W2004201361","https://openalex.org/W2010078021","https://openalex.org/W2013820510","https://openalex.org/W2018361521","https://openalex.org/W2020440142","https://openalex.org/W2023760245","https://openalex.org/W2028184439","https://openalex.org/W2050768357","https://openalex.org/W2065231053","https://openalex.org/W2072831243","https://openalex.org/W2075801888","https://openalex.org/W2078046106","https://openalex.org/W2080633489","https://openalex.org/W2082298179","https://openalex.org/W2089800019","https://openalex.org/W2091579301","https://openalex.org/W2101045954","https://openalex.org/W2107971134","https://openalex.org/W2118953194","https://openalex.org/W2119748171","https://openalex.org/W2124990143","https://openalex.org/W2130914035","https://openalex.org/W2135526934","https://openalex.org/W2135866537","https://openalex.org/W2137112378","https://openalex.org/W2140877597","https://openalex.org/W2142418121","https://openalex.org/W2145251909","https://openalex.org/W2145785612","https://openalex.org/W2146257737","https://openalex.org/W2150194963","https://openalex.org/W2150704630","https://openalex.org/W2151517224","https://openalex.org/W2151527246","https://openalex.org/W2156576935","https://openalex.org/W2158139600","https://openalex.org/W2161536823","https://openalex.org/W2168605160","https://openalex.org/W2302133561","https://openalex.org/W2317866279","https://openalex.org/W2320098007","https://openalex.org/W2329029318","https://openalex.org/W2468124100","https://openalex.org/W2481286965","https://openalex.org/W2486137291","https://openalex.org/W2490979969","https://openalex.org/W2626239712","https://openalex.org/W2789682599","https://openalex.org/W2795705015","https://openalex.org/W2798544580","https://openalex.org/W2801912492","https://openalex.org/W2895084344","https://openalex.org/W3104060564","https://openalex.org/W3124355776","https://openalex.org/W3125048458","https://openalex.org/W4211136176","https://openalex.org/W4230900875","https://openalex.org/W4236361279","https://openalex.org/W4238208558","https://openalex.org/W4240671868","https://openalex.org/W4240983158","https://openalex.org/W4240991674","https://openalex.org/W4251859756","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4388147587","https://openalex.org/W4415552746","https://openalex.org/W6600853261","https://openalex.org/W6606880982","https://openalex.org/W6631830515","https://openalex.org/W6670041938","https://openalex.org/W6722270915","https://openalex.org/W6761253602","https://openalex.org/W6785680958"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W68785778","https://openalex.org/W2136749941","https://openalex.org/W2392245759","https://openalex.org/W1999835463","https://openalex.org/W4313345958","https://openalex.org/W2018966547","https://openalex.org/W2044649484","https://openalex.org/W2372384993","https://openalex.org/W2033099520"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer":[0],"scientists":[1,13],"work":[2,15],"with":[3,16],"formal":[4,17],"models":[5,18],"of":[6,19,28],"algorithms":[7],"and":[8,10,38],"computation,":[9],"someday":[11],"service":[12,20],"may":[14],"systems.":[21],"The":[22],"four":[23],"examples":[24],"here":[25],"document":[26],"some":[27],"the":[29],"early":[30],"efforts":[31],"to":[32],"establish":[33],"a":[34],"new":[35,39],"academic":[36],"discipline":[37],"profession.":[40]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":53}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}