{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122482201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1134680.1134683","title":"LIGER","display_name":"LIGER","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122482201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1134680.1134683","mag":"2122482201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1134680.1134683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1134680.1134683","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048941759","display_name":"Patrick Traynor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7143-5189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Traynor","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109218453","display_name":"Raju Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9812-9464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raju Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005747413","display_name":"Hussain Bin Saad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussain Bin Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102287047","display_name":"Guohong Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guohong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073465096","display_name":"Thomas La Porta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1295-4461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas La Porta","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3503,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89821683,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"15","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7950575351715088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6923359036445618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.6619636416435242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6233549118041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.596514880657196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-management","display_name":"Key management","score":0.579129159450531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5551034212112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5420230031013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5124464631080627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4977765381336212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.46346938610076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3451671600341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.10256022214889526}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7950575351715088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6923359036445618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.6619636416435242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6233549118041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.596514880657196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.579129159450531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5551034212112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5420230031013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5124464631080627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4977765381336212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.46346938610076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3451671600341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.10256022214889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1134680.1134683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1134680.1134683","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1635413415","https://openalex.org/W1896250574","https://openalex.org/W1987688371","https://openalex.org/W2002054891","https://openalex.org/W2041610068","https://openalex.org/W2048402311","https://openalex.org/W2073075740","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2110081058","https://openalex.org/W2114495437","https://openalex.org/W2116269350","https://openalex.org/W2117984332","https://openalex.org/W2119407531","https://openalex.org/W2127699957","https://openalex.org/W2130403046","https://openalex.org/W2137646287","https://openalex.org/W2140372921","https://openalex.org/W2143536181","https://openalex.org/W2146973388","https://openalex.org/W2154721480","https://openalex.org/W2168452204","https://openalex.org/W2171975935","https://openalex.org/W4299402001","https://openalex.org/W6676211797","https://openalex.org/W6676669492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3204184292","https://openalex.org/W3176564347","https://openalex.org/W1985458517","https://openalex.org/W2355833770","https://openalex.org/W3031039437","https://openalex.org/W183202219","https://openalex.org/W3095877357","https://openalex.org/W2072565696","https://openalex.org/W2050451745","https://openalex.org/W2079312091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,138],"majority":[1],"of":[2,45,114,135,167,185,206],"security":[3],"schemes":[4],"available":[5],"for":[6,79,99,182,202],"sensor":[7,101],"networks":[8,24,40,102],"assume":[9,53],"deployment":[10],"in":[11,22,108],"areas":[12],"without":[13],"access":[14,141],"to":[15,27,33,52,76,106,140,146,164,193],"a":[16,42,65,94,115,131,142,198],"wired":[17],"infrastructure.":[18],"More":[19],"specifically,":[20],"nodes":[21,58,123,145,173],"these":[23],"are":[25,154,191],"unable":[26],"leverage":[28],"key":[29,37,96,136],"distribution":[30],"centers":[31],"(KDCs)":[32],"assist":[34],"them":[35],"with":[36,41,64,126,151],"management.":[38,137],"In":[39],"heterogeneous":[43,100],"mix":[44],"nodes,":[46],"however,":[47],"it":[48],"is":[49,121,162,197],"not":[50],"unrealistic":[51],"that":[54,103,159,175,195],"some":[55,80],"more":[56],"powerful":[57],"have":[59,75],"at":[60],"least":[61],"intermittent":[62],"contact":[63],"backbone":[66],"network.":[67],"For":[68],"instance,":[69],"an":[70],"air-deployed":[71],"battlefield":[72],"network":[73,215],"may":[74],"operate":[77,107],"securely":[78,125],"time":[81],"until":[82],"uplinked":[83],"friendly":[84],"forces":[85],"move":[86],"through":[87],"the":[88,110,165,176,203,209],"area.":[89],"We":[90,156],"therefore":[91],"propose":[92],"LIGER,":[93],"hybrid":[95],"management":[97],"scheme":[98,161],"allows":[104,144],"systems":[105],"both":[109,168,183],"presence":[111],"and":[112,170,174,189,208],"absence":[113],"KDC.":[116],"Specifically,":[117],"when":[118],"no":[119],"KDC":[120,143],"available,":[122],"communicate":[124],"each":[127],"other":[128],"based":[129],"upon":[130],"probabilistic":[132],"unbalanced":[133,210],"method":[134],"ability":[139],"probabilistically":[147],"authenticate":[148],"neighboring":[149],"devices":[150],"which":[152],"they":[153],"communicating.":[155],"also":[157],"demonstrate":[158],"this":[160],"robust":[163],"compromise":[166],"low":[169],"high":[171],"capability":[172],"same":[177],"keys":[178],"can":[179,212],"be":[180],"used":[181,192],"modes":[184],"operation.":[186],"Detailed":[187],"experiments":[188],"simulations":[190],"show":[194],"LIGER":[196],"highly":[199],"practical":[200],"solution":[201],"current":[204],"generation":[205],"sensors":[207],"approach":[211],"significantly":[213],"reduce":[214],"initialization":[216],"time.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}