{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2054126054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1134285.1134445","title":"Effective identification of source code authors using byte-level information","display_name":"Effective identification of source code authors using byte-level information","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2054126054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1134285.1134445","mag":"2054126054"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1134285.1134445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1134285.1134445","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Software engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057577851","display_name":"Georgia Frantzeskou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Georgia Frantzeskou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece","University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061737423","display_name":"Efstathios Stamatatos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1336-9128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Efstathios Stamatatos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece","University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091815745","display_name":"Stefanos Gritzalis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8037-2191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefanos Gritzalis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece","University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022741687","display_name":"Sokratis Katsikas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2966-9683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sokratis Katsikas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece","University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Aegean, Karlovasi, Greece#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057577851"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.326,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89229969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"893","last_page":"896"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.861545741558075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmer","display_name":"Programmer","score":0.7621996402740479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.7562947869300842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.7090887427330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.6469868421554565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6044958233833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5189132690429688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.5154379606246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.46240049600601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.45988142490386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.35636550188064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.1765865683555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.1026756763458252}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.861545741558075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.7621996402740479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.7562947869300842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7090887427330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.6469868421554565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6044958233833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5189132690429688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.5154379606246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.46240049600601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.45988142490386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.35636550188064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.1765865683555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.1026756763458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1134285.1134445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1134285.1134445","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Software engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.207.3573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.207.3573","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.icsd.aegean.gr/lecturers/Stamatatos/papers/ICSE06.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183282140","https://openalex.org/W1540672006","https://openalex.org/W1574086225","https://openalex.org/W1978223246","https://openalex.org/W2010452235","https://openalex.org/W2044555705","https://openalex.org/W2083798989","https://openalex.org/W2097278375","https://openalex.org/W2127324866","https://openalex.org/W2144270983","https://openalex.org/W2151505086","https://openalex.org/W2151752770","https://openalex.org/W2165431734","https://openalex.org/W2180101149","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2954615856","https://openalex.org/W4389495687","https://openalex.org/W2611067684","https://openalex.org/W2122804569","https://openalex.org/W3091612339","https://openalex.org/W1988021859","https://openalex.org/W2037906140","https://openalex.org/W2004832663","https://openalex.org/W1964992931","https://openalex.org/W2240979497"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Source":[0],"code":[1,73,107,140,172],"author":[2,13,23,160],"identification":[3,142],"deals":[4],"with":[5,136,184],"the":[6,10,30,40,48,70,76,89,129,132,151,167,170,175,206,209,216,221],"task":[7],"of":[8,14,21,32,36,50,56,65,72,114,131,169,191,208,218],"identifying":[9],"most":[11],"likely":[12],"a":[15,19,52,57,79,85,105,137,188,224],"computer":[16],"program,":[17],"given":[18],"set":[20],"predefined":[22],"candidates.":[24],"This":[25],"is":[26,154,178,197,202,212],"usually":[27,226],".based":[28],"on":[29,97,111,145],"analysis":[31],"other":[33],"program":[34],"samples":[35],"undisputed":[37],"authorship":[38,62,66,141],"by":[39,215],"same":[41],"programmer.":[42],"There":[43],"are":[44,162],"several":[45],"cases":[46,185],"where":[47,186],"application":[49],"such":[51,60],"method":[53],"could":[54],"be":[55],"major":[58],"benefit,":[59],"as":[61],"disputes,":[63],"proof":[64],"in":[67,75,101,220,228],"court,":[68],"tracing":[69],"source":[71,106,139,171,222],"left":[74],"system":[77],"after":[78],"cyber":[80],"attack,":[81],"etc.":[82],"We":[83],"present":[84],"new":[86],"approach,":[87,95],"called":[88],"SCAP":[90,152,176],"(Source":[91],"Code":[92],"Author":[93],"Profiles)":[94],"based":[96,144],"byte-level":[98],"n-gram":[99,159],"profiles":[100,161],"order":[102],"to":[103,124,165,180],"represent":[104],"author's":[108],"style.":[109],"Experiments":[110],"data":[112],"sets":[113],"different":[115],"programming-language":[116],"(Java":[117],"or":[118],"C++)":[119],"and":[120,157],"varying":[121],"difficulty":[122],"(6":[123],"30":[125],"candidate":[126],"authors)":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"effectiveness":[130,207],"proposed":[133,210],"approach.A":[134],"comparison":[135],"previous":[138],"study":[143],"more":[146],"complicated":[147],"information":[148],"shows":[149],"that":[150,158,205],"approach":[153,177],"language":[155],"independent":[156],"better":[163],"able":[164,179],"capture":[166],"idiosyncrasies":[168],"authors.":[173],"Moreover,":[174],"deal":[181],"surprisingly":[182],"well":[183],"only":[187],"limited":[189],"amount":[190],"very":[192],"short":[193],"programs":[194],"per":[195],"programmer":[196],"available":[198],"for":[199],"training.":[200],"It":[201],"also":[203],"demonstrated":[204],"model":[211],"not":[213],"affected":[214],"absence":[217],"comments":[219],"code,":[223],"condition":[225],"met":[227],"cyber-crime":[229],"cases.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}