{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1999035602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1133373.1133382","title":"Specifying and verifying systems with TLA+","display_name":"Specifying and verifying systems with TLA+","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1999035602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1133373.1133382","mag":"1999035602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1133373.1133382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1133373.1133382","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th workshop on ACM SIGOPS European workshop: beyond the PC  - EW10","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040623453","display_name":"Leslie Lamport","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leslie Lamport","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research","Microsoft research#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft research#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012421568","display_name":"John Matthews","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7005-2661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096386","display_name":"Bridge University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cbm0437","country_code":"SS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}],"countries":["SS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Matthews","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Labs, Cambridge Research Lab, Cambridge, MA","HP Labs - Cambridge Research Lab, Cambridge, MA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Cambridge Research Lab, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs - Cambridge Research Lab, Cambridge, MA#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004031220","display_name":"Mark R. Tuttle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096386","display_name":"Bridge University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cbm0437","country_code":"SS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}],"countries":["SS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Tuttle","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Labs, Cambridge Research Lab, Cambridge, MA","HP Labs - Cambridge Research Lab, Cambridge, MA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Cambridge Research Lab, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs - Cambridge Research Lab, Cambridge, MA#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444873","display_name":"Yuan Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research","Microsoft research#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft research#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040623453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3498,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55855898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"45","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8296428918838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.8216150999069214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.7257845401763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specification-language","display_name":"Specification language","score":0.4998042583465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.4816945493221283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-of-temporal-ordering-specification","display_name":"Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification","score":0.45324981212615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3394582271575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3347175121307373}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8296428918838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.8216150999069214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7257845401763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201677973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209840","display_name":"Specification language","level":2,"score":0.4998042583465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.4816945493221283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90069079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1805432","display_name":"Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification","level":3,"score":0.45324981212615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3394582271575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3347175121307373}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1133373.1133382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1133373.1133382","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th workshop on ACM SIGOPS European workshop: beyond the PC  - EW10","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.6.5206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.6.5206","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cse.ogi.edu/~johnm/papers/sigops02.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79592965","https://openalex.org/W284639767","https://openalex.org/W1506588809","https://openalex.org/W2015688007","https://openalex.org/W2103898608","https://openalex.org/W2125047630","https://openalex.org/W2137296754","https://openalex.org/W2167722125","https://openalex.org/W2912027664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592399342","https://openalex.org/W2898425611","https://openalex.org/W2350068048","https://openalex.org/W4361193698","https://openalex.org/W2065369774","https://openalex.org/W2368560475","https://openalex.org/W1520778375","https://openalex.org/W25224113","https://openalex.org/W1977144985","https://openalex.org/W1984757784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"TLA+":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2],"high-level":[3],"specification":[4],"language":[5],"that":[6,22],"has":[7],"been":[8],"used":[9,27],"to":[10,28],"specify":[11,29],"and":[12,30,34],"check":[13,31],"the":[14],"correctness":[15],"of":[16],"several":[17],"hardware":[18],"protocols.":[19],"We":[20],"expect":[21],"it":[23],"can":[24],"also":[25],"be":[26],"concurrent":[32],"algorithms":[33],"protocols":[35],"for":[36],"software":[37],"systems.":[38]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
