{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2081357650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1132026.1132027","title":"Inferring Internet denial-of-service activity","display_name":"Inferring Internet denial-of-service activity","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2081357650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1132026.1132027","mag":"2081357650"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1132026.1132027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1132026.1132027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193109227","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems","issn_l":"0734-2071","issn":["0734-2071","1557-7333"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020860412","display_name":"David Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5228-3124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111380593","display_name":"Colleen Shannon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colleen Shannon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103385224","display_name":"Douglas J. Brown","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas J. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081366293","display_name":"Geoffrey M. Voelker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0865-7499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey M. Voelker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048394730","display_name":"Stefan Savage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6617-8029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Savage","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020860412"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":62.3003,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":788,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99958734,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"115","last_page":"139"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8425344228744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7740358710289001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.7091124057769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial","display_name":"Denial","score":0.7070417404174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5919098258018494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.584500253200531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.5452760457992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4881516098976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duration","display_name":"Duration (music)","score":0.47291073203086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.34995394945144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3334616720676422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.22461318969726562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11887729167938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.09455940127372742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8425344228744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7740358710289001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.7091124057769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780900520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100268981","display_name":"Denial","level":2,"score":0.7070417404174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5919098258018494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.584500253200531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5452760457992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4881516098976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.47291073203086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.34995394945144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3334616720676422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.22461318969726562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11887729167938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.09455940127372742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1132026.1132027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1132026.1132027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193109227","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems","issn_l":"0734-2071","issn":["0734-2071","1557-7333"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307791","display_name":"Cisco Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/03yt1ez60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332603","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W148447563","https://openalex.org/W149529048","https://openalex.org/W206164581","https://openalex.org/W1253666328","https://openalex.org/W1482898023","https://openalex.org/W1498348584","https://openalex.org/W1518154917","https://openalex.org/W1578138711","https://openalex.org/W1584514021","https://openalex.org/W1686269893","https://openalex.org/W1867219652","https://openalex.org/W1920802909","https://openalex.org/W1967949770","https://openalex.org/W1972699782","https://openalex.org/W2045168279","https://openalex.org/W2079318510","https://openalex.org/W2081461624","https://openalex.org/W2084719311","https://openalex.org/W2096030967","https://openalex.org/W2117222554","https://openalex.org/W2150228605","https://openalex.org/W2159160833","https://openalex.org/W2275448553","https://openalex.org/W2605675918","https://openalex.org/W3021544465","https://openalex.org/W4205118271","https://openalex.org/W4249902158","https://openalex.org/W4298134634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161226151","https://openalex.org/W2035091929","https://openalex.org/W2765658188","https://openalex.org/W2235209299","https://openalex.org/W2886198660","https://openalex.org/W1994643043","https://openalex.org/W1997184652","https://openalex.org/W2413774596","https://openalex.org/W206810774","https://openalex.org/W2417152646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,100],"this":[1,63,83,148],"article,":[2],"we":[3,85,102],"seek":[4],"to":[5,21,33,124,138,159],"address":[6],"a":[7,46,54,70],"simple":[8],"question:":[9],"\u201cHow":[10],"prevalent":[11],"are":[12],"denial-of-service":[13,59,144],"attacks":[14,106],"in":[15],"the":[16,24,27,88,136,151],"Internet?\u201d":[17],"Our":[18],"motivation":[19],"is":[20,135],"quantitatively":[22,86],"understand":[23],"nature":[25],"of":[26,37,42,57,93,142,156],"current":[28],"threat":[29],"as":[30,32,120],"well":[31],"enable":[34],"longer-term":[35],"analyses":[36],"trends":[38],"and":[39,91,95,122,128,146],"recurring":[40],"patterns":[41],"attacks.":[43],"We":[44,61,131],"present":[45],"new":[47],"technique,":[48],"called":[49],"\u201cbackscatter":[50],"analysis,\u201d":[51],"that":[52,147],"provides":[53],"conservative":[55],"estimate":[56],"worldwide":[58],"activity.":[60],"use":[62],"approach":[64],"on":[65],"22":[66],"traces":[67],"(each":[68],"covering":[69],"week":[71],"or":[72],"more)":[73],"gathered":[74],"over":[75,104,109],"three":[76],"years":[77],"from":[78,115],"2001":[79],"through":[80],"2004.":[81],"Across":[82],"corpus":[84],"assess":[87],"number,":[89],"duration,":[90],"focus":[92],"attacks,":[94],"qualitatively":[96],"characterize":[97],"their":[98],"behavior.":[99],"total,":[101],"observed":[103],"68,000":[105],"directed":[107],"at":[108],"34,000":[110],"distinct":[111],"victim":[112],"IP":[113],"addresses---ranging":[114],"well-known":[116],"e-commerce":[117],"companies":[118],"such":[119,157],"Amazon":[121],"Hotmail":[123],"small":[125],"foreign":[126],"ISPs":[127],"dial-up":[129],"connections.":[130],"believe":[132],"our":[133],"technique":[134],"first":[137],"provide":[139],"quantitative":[140],"estimates":[141],"Internet-wide":[143],"activity":[145,158],"article":[149],"describes":[150],"most":[152],"comprehensive":[153],"public":[154],"measurements":[155],"date.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":43}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}