{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2110696645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1124772.1124846","title":"Few-key text entry revisited","display_name":"Few-key text entry revisited","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2110696645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1124772.1124846","mag":"2110696645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1124772.1124846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1124772.1124846","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086377685","display_name":"Jacob O. Wobbrock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3675-5491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Wobbrock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005887313","display_name":"Brad A. Myers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-0219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brad Myers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078435171","display_name":"Brandon Rothrock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2237-6589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brandon Rothrock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086377685"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4093,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94961735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"489","last_page":"492"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.9361237287521362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7528860569000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learnability","display_name":"Learnability","score":0.7254847288131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.6151318550109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.5785125494003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5483435392379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-entry","display_name":"Text entry","score":0.492336630821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3975304365158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3682985305786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.33468860387802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07406869530677795}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.9361237287521362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7528860569000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777723229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4367921","display_name":"Learnability","level":2,"score":0.7254847288131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.6151318550109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.5785125494003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5483435392379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988504831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192366","display_name":"Text entry","level":2,"score":0.492336630821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3975304365158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3682985305786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.33468860387802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07406869530677795}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1124772.1124846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1124772.1124846","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W192831106","https://openalex.org/W1973437133","https://openalex.org/W2022422334","https://openalex.org/W2025647423","https://openalex.org/W2035675819","https://openalex.org/W2047189169","https://openalex.org/W2090719017","https://openalex.org/W2090779445","https://openalex.org/W2095799503","https://openalex.org/W2099287431","https://openalex.org/W2103751734","https://openalex.org/W2127293444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4302791369","https://openalex.org/W2951285859","https://openalex.org/W2766040214","https://openalex.org/W72092541","https://openalex.org/W37360785","https://openalex.org/W1973394166","https://openalex.org/W180475243","https://openalex.org/W2098466205","https://openalex.org/W1966604104","https://openalex.org/W1649482245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,30],"present":[1],"a":[2,48,108],"new":[3,33,81],"4-key":[4,34,64,82,120],"text":[5,128],"entry":[6],"method":[7,35,65,83],"that,":[8],"unlike":[9],"most":[10],"few-key":[11],"methods,":[12],"is":[13,84,123],"gestural":[14],"instead":[15],"of":[16,24,51,62,99,110],"selection-based.":[17],"Importantly,":[18],"its":[19],"gestures":[20,112],"mimic":[21],"the":[22,63,73,80,90,111,119],"writing":[23],"Roman":[25],"letters":[26],"for":[27,72,126],"high":[28],"learnability.":[29],"compare":[31],"this":[32],"to":[36,118],"predominant":[37],"3-key":[38,91],"and":[39,45,92],"5-key":[40,93],"methods":[41,94],"theoretically":[42],"using":[43,47],"KSPC":[44],"empirically":[46],"longitudinal":[49],"study":[50,58],"5":[52],"subjects":[53],"over":[54],"10":[55],"sessions.":[56],"The":[57],"includes":[59],"an":[60,124],"evaluation":[61],"without":[66],"any":[67],"on-screen":[68],"visualization-an":[69],"impossible":[70],"condition":[71],"selection-based":[74],"methods.":[75],"Our":[76],"results":[77],"show":[78],"that":[79],"quickly":[85],"learned,":[86],"becoming":[87],"faster":[88],"than":[89],"after":[95],"just":[96],"~10":[97],"minutes":[98],"writing,":[100],"although":[101],"it":[102],"produces":[103],"more":[104],"errors.":[105],"Interestingly,":[106],"removing":[107],"visualization":[109],"being":[113],"made":[114],"causes":[115],"no":[116],"detriment":[117],"method,":[121],"which":[122],"advantage":[125],"eyes-free":[127],"entry.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}