{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2091526667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117340","title":"Eye typing with common cameras","display_name":"Eye typing with common cameras","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2091526667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117340","mag":"2091526667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1117309.1117340","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117340","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications  - ETRA '06","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004381650","display_name":"Dan Witzner Hansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6780-4471"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dan Witzner Hansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT University, Copenhangen","IT University, Copenhangen#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT University, Copenhangen","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT University, Copenhangen#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017496555","display_name":"John Paulin Hansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5594-3645"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Paulin Hansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT University, Copenhangen","IT University, Copenhangen#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT University, Copenhangen","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT University, Copenhangen#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004381650"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1023,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76721939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"55","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9272000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6542482376098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.567593514919281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bittorrent-tracker","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","score":0.5554503202438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.520866870880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5105389356613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3993956744670868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3773640990257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3733631670475006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3560311198234558}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6542482376098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.567593514919281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57501372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2021268","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","level":3,"score":0.5554503202438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.520866870880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5105389356613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3993956744670868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3773640990257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3733631670475006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3560311198234558}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1117309.1117340","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117340","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications  - ETRA '06","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006803106","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2148322785"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384788979","https://openalex.org/W2511178891","https://openalex.org/W2909390414","https://openalex.org/W2126676984","https://openalex.org/W2954509079","https://openalex.org/W178060743","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W3104472694","https://openalex.org/W2141888607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"cost":[1],"eye":[2,457,466],"tracking":[3,15,307,433],"has":[4],"received":[5],"an":[6,299],"increased":[7],"attention":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,75,99,201,231,247,297,314,335,356,486,504,567],"the":[11,48,163,215,233,248,251,254,263,281,302,348,358,385,410,434,453,493,509,523,527,538,563,585],"rapid":[12],"developments":[13],"in":[14,42,62,81,105,136,285,338,344,347,384,398,432,537],"hardware":[16,45,68,84,477],"(video":[17],"boards,":[18],"digital":[19],"camera":[20,227,237,258,323],"and":[21,24,56,157,204,240,257,325,362,375,478,490,517,554,579],"CPU's)":[22],"[Hansen":[23,374],"Pece":[25,376],"2005;":[26,196],"OpenEyes":[27],"2005].":[28,189],"We":[29,288,354,532,561],"present":[30,147],"a":[31,132,175,181,221,243,274,416,555,571],"gaze":[32,166,192,345,393,435,481],"typing":[33,349,513,524,535],"system":[34,320,515],"based":[35,308,474],"on":[36,242,309,409,415,443,475],"components":[37,51,311,516],"that":[38,59,90,108,116,330,569],"can":[39,169,395],"be":[40,76,97,170,396,469,487],"bought":[41],"most":[43,218],"consumer":[44,226],"stores":[46],"around":[47],"world.":[49],"These":[50],"are":[52,60,110,199,265,327,351,473,498],"for":[53,180,207,294,365,381,529,547],"example":[54,279],"cameras":[55],"graphics":[57],"cards":[58],"made":[61],"large":[63,101,182,551],"quantities.":[64],"This":[65,445],"kind":[66],"of":[67,103,146,150,165,178,184,217,253,280,371,436,522,540,574],"differs":[69],"from":[70,87,141,273],"what":[71],"is":[72,83,238,283,312,446],"often":[73],"claimed":[74,451],"\"off-the-shelf":[77],"components\",":[78],"but":[79,211,250],"which":[80],"fact":[82],"only":[85],"available":[86],"particular":[88],"vendors.Institutions":[89],"supply":[91],"citizens":[92],"with":[93,152,301,501],"communication":[94,167,514],"aids":[95],"may":[96],"reluctant":[98],"invest":[100],"amounts":[102],"money":[104],"new":[106,556],"equipment":[107],"they":[109,472,497],"unfamiliar":[111],"with.":[112],"Recent":[113],"investiagtions":[114],"estimate":[115],"less":[117,399,448],"than":[118,130,400,449],"2000":[119],"systems":[120,168,459],"have":[121,430,518,533],"actually":[122],"been":[123],"used":[124,499],"by":[125,403,452],"Europeans,":[126],"even":[127],"though":[128],"more":[129],"half":[131],"million":[133],"disabled":[134],"people":[135,151,185],"Europe":[137],"could":[138,173],"potentially":[139],"benefit":[140],"it.":[142],"The":[143,236,412],"main":[144],"group":[145,183],"users":[148,264,413],"consists":[149],"motor":[153],"neuron":[154],"disease":[155],"(MND)":[156],"amyotrophic":[158],"lateral":[159],"sclerosis":[160],"(ALS).":[161],"If":[162],"price":[164],"lowered,":[171],"it":[172],"become":[174,587],"preferred":[176],"means":[177],"control":[179],"[Jordansen":[186],"et":[187,389],"al.":[188,390],"Present":[190],"commercial":[191,494],"trackers":[193,458,467,482],"e.g.":[194],"[Tobii":[195],"LC-Technologies":[197],"2004]":[198],"easy":[200],"use,":[202],"robust":[203,332,367,491],"sufficiently":[205],"accurate":[206,489],"many":[208],"screen-based":[209],"applications":[210,502],"their":[212],"costs":[213],"exceed":[214],"budget":[216],"people.We":[219],"use":[220,289,357,508],"standard":[222,291,417],"uncalibrated":[223],"400$":[224],"Sony":[225,290],"(Sony":[228],"handycam":[229],"DCR-HC14E)":[230],"obtain":[232],"image":[234,339,479],"data.":[235],"stationary":[239],"placed":[241],"tripod":[244],"close":[245],"(variable)":[246],"monitor,":[249],"geometry":[252],"user,":[255],"monitor":[256],"varies":[259],"among":[260],"sequences.":[261],"However,":[262],"sitting":[266],"about":[267,440],"50":[268],"-":[269,542],"60":[270],"cm":[271],"away":[272],"17\"":[275],"screen.":[276,411,444],"A":[277],"typical":[278],"setup":[282],"shown":[284],"figure":[286],"1.":[287],"video":[292],"option":[293],"'night":[295],"vision'":[296],"create":[298],"glint":[300],"build-in":[303],"IR":[304],"light":[305],"emitter.Eye":[306],"common":[310],"subject":[313],"several":[315],"unknown":[316],"factors":[317],"as":[318,341,343,378,380,471,488,492],"various":[319],"parameters":[321,324],"(i.e.":[322,460],"geometry)":[326],"unknown.":[328],"Algorithms":[329],"employ":[331],"statistical":[333],"principles":[334],"accommodate":[336],"uncertainties":[337],"data":[340],"well":[342,379],"estimates":[346],"process":[350],"therefore":[352],"needed.":[353],"propose":[355],"RANSAC":[359],"algorithm":[360],"[Fischler":[361],"Bolles":[363],"1981]":[364],"both":[366],"maximum":[368],"likelihood":[369],"estimation":[370],"iris":[372],"observations":[373],"2005]":[377,512],"handling":[382],"outliers":[383],"calibration":[386],"procedure":[387],"[Morimoto":[388],"2000].Our":[391],"low-resolution":[392],"tracker":[394],"calibrated":[397],"3":[401,541],"minutes":[402],"looking":[404],"at":[405],"9":[406],"predefined":[407],"positions":[408],"sit":[414],"office":[418],"chair":[419],"without":[420],"headrests":[421],"or":[422],"other":[423],"physical":[424],"constraints.":[425],"Under":[426],"these":[427,465],"conditions":[428],"we":[429],"succeeded":[431],"people,":[437],"obtaining":[438],"accuracies":[439,450],"160":[441],"pixels":[442],"still":[447],"best":[454],"current":[455],"off-the-shelf":[456],"30-60":[461],"pixels).":[462],"However":[463],"comparing":[464],"wouldn't":[468],"correct":[470],"different":[476],"data.Low-cost":[480],"do":[483],"not":[484],"need":[485,528],"systems,":[495],"if":[496],"together":[500],"designed":[503],"tolerate":[505],"noisy":[506],"inputs.We":[507],"GazeTalk":[510],"[COGAIN":[511],"through":[519],"proper":[520],"design":[521],"interface,":[525],"reduced":[526],"high":[530,588],"accuracy.":[531],"observed":[534],"speeds":[536],"range":[539],"5":[543],"words":[544],"per":[545],"minute":[546],"untrained":[548],"subjects":[549],"using":[550],"on-screen":[552],"buttons":[553],"noise":[557],"tolerant":[558],"dwell-time":[559,565],"principle.":[560],"modify":[562],"traditional":[564],"activation":[566],"one":[568,582],"maintains":[570],"full":[572],"distribution":[573],"all":[575],"hypothetical":[576],"button":[577,583],"selections":[578],"then":[580],"activate":[581],"when":[584],"evidence":[586],"enough.":[589]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}