{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1999656450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117336","title":"Optical eye models for gaze tracking","display_name":"Optical eye models for gaze tracking","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1999656450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117336","mag":"1999656450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1117309.1117336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117336","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research &amp; applications  - ETRA '06","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112480683","display_name":"Jeffrey B. Mulligan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280536761","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey B. Mulligan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Ames Research Center","NASA\u2010Ames Research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Ames Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA\u2010Ames Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112480683"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10459184,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"51","last_page":"51"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11538","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.8278430104255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7714098691940308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7603901624679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6810758113861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6659390330314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5576797127723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.4818083643913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.47829514741897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-axis","display_name":"Optical axis","score":0.47594141960144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.47353407740592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.4307122230529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.23078718781471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20816195011138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.17217358946800232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09998708963394165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.8278430104255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7714098691940308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7603901624679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6810758113861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6659390330314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5576797127723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4818083643913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.47829514741897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3756478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410566","display_name":"Optical axis","level":3,"score":0.47594141960144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.47353407740592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.4307122230529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.23078718781471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20816195011138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.17217358946800232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09998708963394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1117309.1117336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117336","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research &amp; applications  - ETRA '06","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069031758","https://openalex.org/W2170047537"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669","https://openalex.org/W4306160859"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"traditional":[1,121,143],"\"bottom-up\"":[2],"approach":[3,56,88],"to":[4,28,76,80,93,125,150,167,209],"video":[5],"gaze":[6,29],"tracking":[7],"consists":[8],"of":[9,17,46,62,65,85,101,155,157,163],"measuring":[10],"image":[11,81],"features,":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,38,198,200],"the":[15,18,59,66,86,99,110,127,130,140,158,169,179,182,191,211,215,218],"position":[16],"pupil,":[19],"corneal":[20],"reflex,":[21],"limbus,":[22],"etc.":[23],"These":[24],"measurements":[25],"are":[26,68,114],"mapped":[27],"angles":[30],"using":[31],"coefficients":[32],"obtained":[33,113],"from":[34,197],"calibration":[35,122,145,206],"data,":[36],"collected":[37],"a":[39,44,54,63,73,78,137,153,161,188],"cooperative":[40],"subject":[41],"voluntarily":[42],"fixates":[43],"series":[45],"known":[47],"targets.":[48],"This":[49],"may":[50,147],"be":[51,151,195],"contrasted":[52],"with":[53,72,187],"\"top-down\"":[55],"in":[57,70,95,97,115,160],"which":[58],"pose":[60,111],"parameters":[61,171,193],"model":[64,75,170,192],"eye":[67,159],"adjusted":[69],"conjunction":[71],"camera":[74,183],"obtain":[77],"match":[79],"data.":[82],"One":[83],"advantage":[84,107],"model-based":[87],"is":[89,108,165,184,207],"provided":[90],"by":[91],"robustness":[92],"changes":[94],"geometry,":[96],"particular":[98],"disambiguation":[100],"translation":[102],"and":[103,132,135,181,217],"rotation.":[104],"A":[105,203],"second":[106],"that":[109],"estimates":[112],"absolute":[116],"angular":[117,212],"units":[118],"(e.g.,":[119],"degrees);":[120],"serves":[123],"only":[124],"determine":[126,168,210],"relation":[128],"between":[129,178,214],"visual":[131],"optical":[133,220],"axes,":[134],"provide":[136],"check":[138],"for":[139,172],"model.":[141],"While":[142],"grid":[144],"methods":[146],"not":[148],"need":[149],"applied,":[152],"set":[154],"views":[156],"variety":[162],"poses":[164],"needed":[166],"an":[173],"individual.":[174],"When":[175],"relative":[176],"motion":[177],"head":[180],"eliminated":[185],"(as":[186],"head-mounted":[189],"camera),":[190],"can":[194],"determined":[196],"few":[199],"two":[201],"images.":[202],"single":[204],"point":[205],"required":[208],"offset":[213],"line-of-sight":[216],"observed":[219],"axis.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
