{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4241862532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1113034.1113067","title":"Introduction","display_name":"Introduction","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4241862532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1113034.1113067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1113034.1113067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1113034.1113067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073470546","display_name":"Brajendra Panda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1117-9328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brajendra Panda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002696899","display_name":"Joseph Giordano","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Giordano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rome, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rome, NY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036152200","display_name":"Daniel Kalil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097321","display_name":"Assured Information Security (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00w5xhg82","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Kalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assured Information Security, Inc., Rome, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assured Information Security, Inc., Rome, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073470546"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4907,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91374743,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"2","first_page":"44","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.5656999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.5656999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.5593000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation","display_name":"Citation","score":0.6994104385375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4817252457141876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-science","display_name":"Library science","score":0.4428607225418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3585510849952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.32778388261795044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.6994104385375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4817252457141876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.4428607225418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3585510849952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.32778388261795044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1113034.1113067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1113034.1113067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"article":[0],"Introduction":[1],"Authors:":[2],"Brajendra":[3],"Panda":[4],"University":[5,10],"of":[6,11,45],"Arkansas,":[7,12],"Fayetteville,":[8,13],"AR":[9],"ARView":[14],"Profile":[15,23,39],",":[16,24],"Joseph":[17],"Giordano":[18],"Rome,":[19,21,31,37],"NY":[20,32],"NYView":[22,38],"Daniel":[25],"Kalil":[26],"Assured":[27,33],"Information":[28,34],"Security,":[29,35],"Inc.,":[30,36],"Authors":[40],"Info":[41],"&":[42],"Claims":[43],"Communications":[44],"the":[46,98],"ACMVolume":[47],"49Issue":[48],"2February":[49],"2006":[50],"pp":[51],"44\u201347https://doi.org/10.1145/1113034.1113067Published:01":[52],"February":[53],"2006Publication":[54],"History":[55],"2citation2,418DownloadsMetricsTotal":[56],"Citations2Total":[57],"Downloads2,418Last":[58],"12":[59],"Months15Last":[60],"6":[61],"weeks1":[62],"Get":[63],"Citation":[64,66,103],"AlertsNew":[65,102],"Alert":[67],"added!This":[68],"alert":[69,94],"has":[70,89],"been":[71,90],"successfully":[72],"added":[73],"and":[74],"will":[75,79],"be":[76,80],"sent":[77],"to:You":[78],"notified":[81],"whenever":[82],"a":[83,115],"record":[84],"that":[85],"you":[86],"have":[87],"chosen":[88],"cited.To":[91],"manage":[92],"your":[93,108],"preferences,":[95],"click":[96],"on":[97],"button":[99],"below.Manage":[100],"my":[101],"Alert!Please":[104],"log":[105],"in":[106],"to":[107,111,113],"account":[109],"Save":[110],"BinderSave":[112],"BinderCreate":[114],"New":[116],"BinderNameCancelCreateExport":[117],"CitationPublisher":[118],"SiteGet":[119],"Access":[120]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}