{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2147782381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1076034.1076099","title":"Boosted decision trees for word recognition in handwritten document retrieval","display_name":"Boosted decision trees for word recognition in handwritten document retrieval","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2147782381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1076034.1076099","mag":"2147782381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1076034.1076099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1076034.1076099","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarworks.smith.edu/csc_facpubs/115","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008268577","display_name":"Nicholas R. Howe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202524275","display_name":"Smith College","ror":"https://ror.org/0497crr92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202524275"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas R. Howe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smith College, Northampton, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smith College, Northampton, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202524275"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111508047","display_name":"Toni M. Rath","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toni M. Rath","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055459215","display_name":"R. Manmatha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2315-8583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Manmatha","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008268577"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202524275"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9856,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92238424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"377","last_page":"383"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8389562368392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6889370083808899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5817995071411133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5539019107818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-word-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent word recognition","score":0.5329806208610535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5109557509422302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"Word recognition","score":0.4634207785129547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45025789737701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.4431624114513397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4188064932823181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4147905111312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.22978493571281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.18718215823173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.17792773246765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.09549909830093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.07759213447570801}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8389562368392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6889370083808899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5817995071411133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5539019107818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17649283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044162","display_name":"Intelligent word recognition","level":5,"score":0.5329806208610535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5109557509422302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.4634207785129547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45025789737701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.4431624114513397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4188064932823181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4147905111312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.22978493571281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.18718215823173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.17792773246765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.09549909830093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.07759213447570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1076034.1076099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1076034.1076099","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.152.1551","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.152.1551","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/pubfiles/mm-399.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.977.5716","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.977.5716","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"https://works.bepress.com/r_manmatha/36/download/","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.smith.edu:csc_facpubs-1123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.smith.edu/csc_facpubs/115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196392","display_name":"Smith ScholarWorks (Smith College)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202524275","host_organization_name":"Smith College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202524275"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science: Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:r_manmatha-1071","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/r_manmatha/36","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402240","display_name":"ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","host_organization_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"R. Manmatha","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.smith.edu:csc_facpubs-1123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.smith.edu/csc_facpubs/115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196392","display_name":"Smith ScholarWorks (Smith College)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202524275","host_organization_name":"Smith College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202524275"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science: Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30122499","https://openalex.org/W164060832","https://openalex.org/W1484654248","https://openalex.org/W1488981731","https://openalex.org/W1504694836","https://openalex.org/W1566995892","https://openalex.org/W1606953891","https://openalex.org/W1992152861","https://openalex.org/W2024046085","https://openalex.org/W2067885219","https://openalex.org/W2068905009","https://openalex.org/W2079656678","https://openalex.org/W2092858021","https://openalex.org/W2093390569","https://openalex.org/W2095897132","https://openalex.org/W2112076978","https://openalex.org/W2122246689","https://openalex.org/W2125045217","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2134097102","https://openalex.org/W2142069714","https://openalex.org/W2156301828","https://openalex.org/W2160035137","https://openalex.org/W2162708558","https://openalex.org/W2163667253","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2167929403","https://openalex.org/W2168868236","https://openalex.org/W2171140863","https://openalex.org/W4206765718","https://openalex.org/W4241307704","https://openalex.org/W4243333943","https://openalex.org/W4248343126","https://openalex.org/W6606623812"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131831414","https://openalex.org/W2401522294","https://openalex.org/W1962828410","https://openalex.org/W2253780618","https://openalex.org/W4205429340","https://openalex.org/W2601201456","https://openalex.org/W2079838398","https://openalex.org/W2091426540","https://openalex.org/W2095764119","https://openalex.org/W1481456599"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recognition":[0],"and":[1,18,58],"retrieval":[2,131],"of":[3,41,51,63,73,89,101,104,163],"historical":[4],"handwritten":[5,20,105],"material":[6,106],"is":[7,132],"an":[8],"unsolved":[9],"problem.":[10],"We":[11],"propose":[12],"a":[13,28,42,49,61,98,116,135,159],"novel":[14],"approach":[15],"to":[16],"recognizing":[17],"retrieving":[19],"manuscripts,":[21],"based":[22],"upon":[23],"word":[24,52,76,129],"image":[25],"classification":[26],"as":[27,36],"key":[29],"step.":[30],"Decision":[31],"trees":[32],"with":[33,78,85],"normalized":[34],"pixels":[35],"features":[37],"form":[38],"the":[39,69,90,108,112,139,167],"basis":[40],"highly":[43,70],"accurate":[44],"AdaBoost":[45],"classifier,":[46],"trained":[47],"on":[48,153,158],"corpus":[50,100],"images":[53],"that":[54],"have":[55],"been":[56],"resized":[57],"sampled":[59],"at":[60],"pyramid":[62],"resolutions.":[64],"To":[65],"stem":[66],"problems":[67],"from":[68,107,166],"skewed":[71],"distribution":[72],"class":[74],"frequencies,":[75],"classes":[77],"very":[79],"few":[80],"training":[81],"samples":[82],"are":[83,171],"augmented":[84],"stochastically":[86],"altered":[87],"versions":[88],"originals.":[91],"This":[92],"increases":[93],"recognition":[94,113],"performance":[95,114,120,143],"substantially.":[96],"On":[97],"standard":[99],"20":[102],"pages":[103,165],"George":[109,168],"Washington":[110,169],"collection":[111,170],"shows":[115,145],"substantial":[117],"improvement":[118],"in":[119],"over":[121,138,149],"previous":[122],"published":[123,151],"results":[124,148,152,157],"(75%":[125],"vs":[126],"65%).":[127],"Following":[128],"recognition,":[130],"done":[133],"using":[134],"language":[136],"model":[137],"recognized":[140],"words.":[141],"Retrieval":[142],"also":[144,172],"substantially":[146],"improved":[147],"previously":[150],"this":[154],"database.":[155],"Recognition/retrieval":[156],"more":[160],"challenging":[161],"database":[162],"100":[164],"presented.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}