{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2116371103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1073001.1073002","title":"Authentication using graphical passwords","display_name":"Authentication using graphical passwords","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2116371103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1073001.1073002","mag":"2116371103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1073001.1073002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1073001.1073002","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2005 symposium on Usable privacy and security  - SOUPS '05","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110194052","display_name":"Susan Wiedenbeck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Susan Wiedenbeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103545072","display_name":"Jim Waters","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Waters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109973858","display_name":"Jean-Camille Birget","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Camille Birget","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, Camden, NJ","Rutgers Univ., Camden, NJ#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, Camden, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers Univ., Camden, NJ#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063900512","display_name":"Alex Brodskiy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Brodskiy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY","Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY,#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006172625","display_name":"Nasir Memon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0103-9762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasir Memon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY","Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY,#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110194052"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.77,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":319,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99611455,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9623000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.9572838544845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-password","display_name":"Cognitive password","score":0.8426227569580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8000251650810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alphanumeric","display_name":"Alphanumeric","score":0.7497860193252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"Password strength","score":0.7434877157211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-policy","display_name":"Password policy","score":0.7026352286338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s/key","display_name":"S/KEY","score":0.6679787635803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-cracking","display_name":"Password cracking","score":0.5865364670753479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-time-password","display_name":"One-time password","score":0.5636657476425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45232754945755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.41978919506073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4121137261390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13181999325752258}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.9572838544845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23875713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141232","display_name":"Cognitive password","level":5,"score":0.8426227569580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8000251650810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781003394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737372","display_name":"Alphanumeric","level":2,"score":0.7497860193252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.7434877157211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98705547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394687","display_name":"Password policy","level":4,"score":0.7026352286338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4957475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242186","display_name":"S/KEY","level":3,"score":0.6679787635803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3847113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2746524","display_name":"Password cracking","level":5,"score":0.5865364670753479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.5636657476425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45232754945755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.41978919506073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4121137261390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13181999325752258}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1073001.1073002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1073001.1073002","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2005 symposium on Usable privacy and security  - SOUPS '05","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.01RUT_INST:11665008920004646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/esploro/outputs/conferenceProceeding/Authentication-using-graphical-passwords/991031665872304646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128619364","https://openalex.org/W165936246","https://openalex.org/W1503108337","https://openalex.org/W1528027857","https://openalex.org/W1548067747","https://openalex.org/W1582830784","https://openalex.org/W1921097329","https://openalex.org/W1980384741","https://openalex.org/W1983478634","https://openalex.org/W1997166198","https://openalex.org/W2022872918","https://openalex.org/W2033862572","https://openalex.org/W2037202491","https://openalex.org/W2040188810","https://openalex.org/W2042059698","https://openalex.org/W2065853902","https://openalex.org/W2066345778","https://openalex.org/W2074551623","https://openalex.org/W2083949458","https://openalex.org/W2085592842","https://openalex.org/W2088793381","https://openalex.org/W2111678510","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2140448023","https://openalex.org/W2149929743","https://openalex.org/W2169200398","https://openalex.org/W2179427518","https://openalex.org/W2341614611","https://openalex.org/W2394560680","https://openalex.org/W4244109911"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982158666","https://openalex.org/W2969720675","https://openalex.org/W3131491961","https://openalex.org/W2596766976","https://openalex.org/W2017283799","https://openalex.org/W2953105088","https://openalex.org/W2596869006","https://openalex.org/W137322897","https://openalex.org/W2203557291","https://openalex.org/W2054626033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graphical":[0],"passwords":[1,7],"are":[2],"an":[3],"alternative":[4],"to":[5,14,45,124,138],"alphanumeric":[6,20],"in":[8,72,85,129,131,168,183],"which":[9],"users":[10,122],"click":[11],"on":[12,74,155],"images":[13,179],"authenticate":[15],"themselves":[16],"rather":[17],"than":[18],"type":[19],"strings.":[21],"We":[22],"have":[23],"developed":[24],"one":[25],"such":[26],"system,":[27],"called":[28],"PassPoints,":[29],"and":[30,78],"evaluated":[31],"it":[32],"with":[33,43],"human":[34,57],"users.":[35],"The":[36,159],"results":[37,93,160],"of":[38,47,66,70,81,145,170],"the":[39,48,64,75,79,82,86,99,114,126,132,140,171],"evaluation":[40],"were":[41,164],"promising":[42],"respect":[44],"rmemorability":[46],"graphical":[49,184],"password.":[50],"In":[51,89,147],"this":[52],"study":[53,150],"we":[54,151],"expand":[55],"our":[56,90,148],"factors":[58],"testing":[59],"by":[60],"studying":[61],"two":[62],"issues:":[63],"effect":[65,80],"tolerance,":[67],"or":[68],"margin":[69],"error,":[71],"clicking":[73],"password":[76,87,100,116,127,141,185],"points":[77,128],"image":[83,149],"used":[84],"system.":[88],"tolerance":[91,108],"study,":[92],"show":[94],"that":[95,135,162,177],"accurate":[96],"memory":[97,130],"for":[98],"is":[101,136],"strongly":[102],"reduced":[103],"when":[104],"using":[105],"a":[106,143],"small":[107],"(10":[109],"x":[110],"10":[111],"pixels)":[112],"around":[113],"user's":[115],"points.":[117],"This":[118,173],"may":[119,180],"occur":[120],"because":[121],"fail":[123],"encode":[125],"precise":[133],"manner":[134],"necessary":[137],"remember":[139],"over":[142],"lapse":[144],"time.":[146],"compared":[152],"user":[153],"performance":[154,169],"four":[156],"everyday":[157],"images.":[158,172],"indicate":[161],"there":[163],"few":[165],"significant":[166],"differences":[167],"preliminary":[174],"result":[175],"suggests":[176],"many":[178],"support":[181],"memorability":[182],"systems.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}