{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058432683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1061811.1061813","title":"What's the web like if you can't see it?","display_name":"What's the web like if you can't see it?","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058432683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1061811.1061813","mag":"2058432683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1061811.1061813","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1061811.1061813","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2005 International Cross-Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A)  - W4A '05","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091550931","display_name":"Chieko Asakawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-1305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chieko Asakawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Research Laboratory, IBM Japan#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091550931"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95054282,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12207","display_name":"Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility","score":0.964900016784668,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9169999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-accessibility","display_name":"Web accessibility","score":0.8850042819976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.7899343967437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.7670449614524841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-accessibility-initiative","display_name":"Web Accessibility Initiative","score":0.7643935680389404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7274886965751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-standards","display_name":"Web standards","score":0.6779389381408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.5766064524650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-development","display_name":"Web development","score":0.5416254997253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-page","display_name":"Web page","score":0.5394227504730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screen-reader","display_name":"Screen reader","score":0.5347508192062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-design","display_name":"Web design","score":0.514414370059967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-engineering","display_name":"Web engineering","score":0.4782099723815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.46392640471458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-navigation","display_name":"Web navigation","score":0.46338093280792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.33753612637519836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application-security","display_name":"Web application security","score":0.3249255418777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.21340712904930115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visually-impaired","display_name":"Visually impaired","score":0.18088477849960327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194669863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808932","display_name":"Web accessibility","level":4,"score":0.8850042819976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.7899343967437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.7670449614524841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197973564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q636020","display_name":"Web Accessibility Initiative","level":5,"score":0.7643935680389404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7274886965751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182321512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153289","display_name":"Web standards","level":3,"score":0.6779389381408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.5766064524650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.5416254997253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.5394227504730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778535757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328864","display_name":"Screen reader","level":3,"score":0.5347508192062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521306242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190637","display_name":"Web design","level":3,"score":0.514414370059967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97200028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196135","display_name":"Web engineering","level":5,"score":0.4782099723815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.46392640471458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61096286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978592","display_name":"Web navigation","level":3,"score":0.46338093280792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.33753612637519836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59241245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Web application security","level":4,"score":0.3249255418777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.21340712904930115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020106864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visually impaired","level":2,"score":0.18088477849960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1061811.1061813","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1061811.1061813","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2005 International Cross-Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A)  - W4A '05","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978852834","https://openalex.org/W2003994978","https://openalex.org/W2008632927","https://openalex.org/W2057852897","https://openalex.org/W2069090116","https://openalex.org/W2071510273","https://openalex.org/W2083627686"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362566723","https://openalex.org/W1598466475","https://openalex.org/W2048276112","https://openalex.org/W2977530075","https://openalex.org/W2101512165","https://openalex.org/W63099756","https://openalex.org/W1728723205","https://openalex.org/W1593510445","https://openalex.org/W2949434637","https://openalex.org/W1487682871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Awareness":[0],"of":[1,48,153,157,192,216,224],"Web":[2,11,36,109,114,168,194],"accessibility":[3,37,169,195,226],"is":[4],"spreading":[5],"all":[6],"over":[7],"the":[8,20,29,40,106,120,154,167,184,193,221],"world":[9,175],"among":[10],"designers":[12,115,211],"and":[13,26,53,64,90,101,116,134,164,197,205],"developers,":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,97,144,177,209],"regulations":[17,100],"such":[18,88],"as":[19],"US":[21],"law":[22],"called":[23],"Section":[24],"508":[25],"guidelines":[27,196],"like":[28,201],"W3C":[30],"WCAG.":[31],"We":[32,86,111,180],"now":[33],"see":[34,45],"various":[35],"adaptations":[38],"on":[39],"Web.":[41],"For":[42],"example,":[43],"we":[44,58,160,219],"increasing":[46],"use":[47],"alternative":[49],"texts":[50,63],"for":[51,56,142],"images":[52],"skip-navigation":[54,66],"links":[55],"speed.However,":[57],"sometimes":[59],"find":[60],"inappropriate":[61],"ALT":[62],"broken":[65],"links,":[67],"even":[68],"though":[69],"they":[70,79,129],"are":[71,80,207],"present.":[72],"These":[73],"pages":[74],"may":[75],"be":[76],"compliant,":[77],"but":[78,103],"not":[81],"accessible":[82,133],"or":[83],"really":[84],"usable.":[85],"analyzed":[87],"problems":[89,122],"found":[91],"that":[92,113],"some":[93],"sites":[94],"only":[95],"try":[96],"comply":[98],"with":[99,126],"guidelines,":[102],"without":[104],"understanding":[105,191],"needs":[107],"underlying":[108],"accessibility.":[110],"concluded":[112],"developers":[117],"should":[118],"experience":[119,145,212],"real":[121,174],"faced":[123],"by":[124,172],"people":[125],"disabilities":[127],"so":[128],"can":[130],"create":[131],"truly":[132],"usable":[135],"pages.":[136],"There":[137],"was":[138],"no":[139],"practical":[140],"way":[141],"them":[143],"disabilities.In":[146],"this":[147],"paper,":[148],"after":[149],"giving":[150],"an":[151],"overview":[152],"historical":[155],"progress":[156],"voice":[158],"browsers,":[159],"discuss":[161,220],"how":[162,165],"much":[163],"well":[166],"has":[170],"progressed":[171],"analyzing":[173],"improvements":[176],"existing":[178],"sites.":[179],"then":[181],"describe":[182],"why":[183],"\"disability":[185],"experience\"":[186],"helps":[187],"give":[188],"a":[189],"better":[190],"regulations.":[198],"Some":[199],"tools":[200],"Home":[202],"Page":[203],"Reader":[204],"aDesigner":[206],"available":[208],"let":[210],"blind":[213],"users'":[214],"perspective":[215],"usability.":[217],"Finally,":[218],"future":[222],"direction":[223],"our":[225],"efforts.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}