{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2045814518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1053283.1053288","title":"Incentive-based modeling and inference of attacker intent, objectives, and strategies","display_name":"Incentive-based modeling and inference of attacker intent, objectives, and strategies","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2045814518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1053283.1053288","mag":"2045814518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1053283.1053288","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1053283.1053288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2642811","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","issn_l":"1094-9224","issn":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346767","display_name":"Peng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8694-7091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056474248","display_name":"Wanyu Zang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanyu Zang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770786","display_name":"Meng Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-2888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141450709","display_name":"Monmouth University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d6qxv05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141450709"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141450709"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.5042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":202,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98999048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"78","last_page":"118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8575999140739441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.7710390090942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6443052887916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6254562139511108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdependence","display_name":"Interdependence","score":0.5503636002540588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.544427216053009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.5227237343788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.5214923620223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.498260498046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22211068868637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.07075029611587524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8575999140739441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.7710390090942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6443052887916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6254562139511108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.5503636002540588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.544427216053009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5227237343788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.5214923620223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.498260498046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22211068868637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.07075029611587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1053283.1053288","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1053283.1053288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2642811","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","issn_l":"1094-9224","issn":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495304983","https://openalex.org/W1499366546","https://openalex.org/W1513692834","https://openalex.org/W1520068592","https://openalex.org/W1562149494","https://openalex.org/W1807884544","https://openalex.org/W1907356258","https://openalex.org/W1948092788","https://openalex.org/W1964549039","https://openalex.org/W1968909445","https://openalex.org/W1980065740","https://openalex.org/W1998754086","https://openalex.org/W2012634103","https://openalex.org/W2015007620","https://openalex.org/W2067050450","https://openalex.org/W2067361528","https://openalex.org/W2069886897","https://openalex.org/W2078040677","https://openalex.org/W2095738877","https://openalex.org/W2109540106","https://openalex.org/W2117708768","https://openalex.org/W2118949809","https://openalex.org/W2120100612","https://openalex.org/W2122230401","https://openalex.org/W2125487889","https://openalex.org/W2130457818","https://openalex.org/W2131801993","https://openalex.org/W2134166838","https://openalex.org/W2141200504","https://openalex.org/W2145881380","https://openalex.org/W2163277533","https://openalex.org/W2176994592","https://openalex.org/W2567667034","https://openalex.org/W2582999260","https://openalex.org/W2602753196","https://openalex.org/W2657767539","https://openalex.org/W3105682467","https://openalex.org/W3150565301","https://openalex.org/W4246774680","https://openalex.org/W4298134634","https://openalex.org/W6813096674"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2749324135","https://openalex.org/W2139079562","https://openalex.org/W2908433117","https://openalex.org/W2969604939","https://openalex.org/W2378306841","https://openalex.org/W114687057","https://openalex.org/W2367468089","https://openalex.org/W2358591856","https://openalex.org/W3122988618","https://openalex.org/W1994631104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"the":[1,16,66,78,99,111],"ability":[2],"to":[3,50,57,138],"model":[4,51],"and":[5,10,23,36,53,85,116,119],"infer":[6],"attacker":[7,76,92],"intent,":[8],"objectives,":[9],"strategies":[11,120,142],"(AIOS)":[12],"may":[13],"dramatically":[14],"advance":[15],"literature":[17],"of":[18,68,75,80],"risk":[19],"assessment,":[20],"harm":[21],"prediction,":[22],"predictive":[24],"or":[25,38],"proactive":[26],"cyber":[27],"defense,":[28],"existing":[29],"AIOS":[30,52,106,115,126],"inference":[31],"techniques":[32],"are":[33],"ad":[34],"hoc":[35],"system":[37],"application":[39],"specific.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,63,102,132],"present":[45],"a":[46,54,72,89,104,123,134],"general":[47],"incentive-based":[48],"method":[49],"game-theoretic":[55,105],"approach":[56],"inferring":[58],"AIOS.":[59],"On":[60,98],"one":[61],"hand,":[62,101],"found":[64],"that":[65,91,125],"concept":[67,79],"incentives":[69,84],"can":[70,82,94,109,127,143],"unify":[71],"large":[73],"variety":[74],"intents;":[77],"utilities":[81],"integrate":[83],"costs":[86],"in":[87,121,146],"such":[88,122],"way":[90,124],"objectives":[93,118],"be":[95,128,144],"practically":[96],"modeled.":[97],"other":[100],"developed":[103],"formalization":[107],"which":[108],"capture":[110],"inherent":[112],"interdependency":[113],"between":[114],"defender":[117],"automatically":[129],"inferred.":[130],"Finally,":[131],"use":[133],"specific":[135],"case":[136],"study":[137],"show":[139],"how":[140],"attack":[141],"inferred":[145],"real-world":[147],"attack--defense":[148],"scenarios.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
