{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2054174671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045343.1045387","title":"On the use of programming knowledge to understand informal process descriptions","display_name":"On the use of programming knowledge to understand informal process descriptions","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2054174671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045343.1045387","mag":"2054174671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1045343.1045387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045343.1045387","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1045343.1045387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224649","display_name":"ACM SIGART Bulletin","issn_l":"0163-5719","issn":["0163-5719","2331-1673"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGART Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1045343.1045387","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103837183","display_name":"Robert Balzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Balzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069745282","display_name":"Neil Goldman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Goldman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017776625","display_name":"David S. Wile","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Wile","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, CA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6912,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94317827,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"63","first_page":"72","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8249844312667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6742362976074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6440633535385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.635246753692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6289025545120239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6073727607727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.6054002046585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5725484490394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.39386487007141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.38566362857818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35535162687301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.32035350799560547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8249844312667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6742362976074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6440633535385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.635246753692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6289025545120239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6073727607727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6054002046585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5725484490394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39386487007141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.38566362857818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35535162687301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32035350799560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1045343.1045387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045343.1045387","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1045343.1045387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224649","display_name":"ACM SIGART Bulletin","issn_l":"0163-5719","issn":["0163-5719","2331-1673"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGART Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1045343.1045387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1045343.1045387","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1045343.1045387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224649","display_name":"ACM SIGART Bulletin","issn_l":"0163-5719","issn":["0163-5719","2331-1673"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGART Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2054174671.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2054174671.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W93861386","https://openalex.org/W1484068637","https://openalex.org/W1994214862","https://openalex.org/W2091346899","https://openalex.org/W2302114522","https://openalex.org/W4242096101","https://openalex.org/W6603854558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W2081647779","https://openalex.org/W2031527081","https://openalex.org/W3185852197","https://openalex.org/W4283702175","https://openalex.org/W2021400925","https://openalex.org/W2916492174","https://openalex.org/W2077154395","https://openalex.org/W252962683","https://openalex.org/W1504101963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,83,117],"goal":[1],"of":[2,18,34,54,76,100,143],"improving":[3],"and":[4,16,32,105,145,151],"simplifying":[5],"communication":[6],"with":[7],"computers":[8],"has":[9,70],"been":[10],"pursued":[11],"largely":[12],"through":[13],"the":[14,30,52,63,81,89,101,125,132],"creation":[15],"use":[17,88],"better":[19],"formal":[20,43],"languages.":[21],"This":[22],"paper":[23],"investigates":[24],"an":[25],"alternative":[26,121],"approach":[27,139],"by":[28,80,110],"exploring":[29],"variety":[31],"extent":[33],"informal":[35,49,68],"constructs":[36,50],"which":[37,58,77],"can":[38],"be":[39,60],"introduced":[40],"into":[41],"a":[42,96],"language":[44],"without":[45],"impairing":[46],"communication.":[47],"These":[48],"represent":[51],"suppression":[53],"certain":[55],"explicit":[56],"information":[57],"must":[59],"inferred":[61],"from":[62],"surrounding":[64],"context.In":[65],"general,":[66],"each":[67],"construct":[69],"several":[71],"possible":[72],"interpretations,":[73],"only":[74],"one":[75],"was":[78],"intended":[79,126],"speaker.":[82],"system's":[84],"task":[85,134],"is":[86,122],"to":[87,92,106,136],"existing":[90],"context":[91,144],"focus":[93],"attention":[94],"on":[95],"small":[97],"ordered":[98],"subset":[99],"most":[102,118],"probable":[103,119],"alternatives":[104],"further":[107],"reduce":[108],"it":[109],"applying":[111],"any":[112],"constraints":[113],"or":[114],"well-formedness":[115,146],"rules.":[116],"remaining":[120],"selected":[123],"as":[124,131,154],"one.Program":[127],"descriptions":[128],"were":[129],"chosen":[130],"example":[133],"domain":[135,160],"test":[137],"this":[138],"because":[140,152],"its":[141],"rules":[142],"are":[147,157],"fairly":[148],"well":[149],"developed":[150],"we,":[153],"computer":[155],"scientists,":[156],"our":[158],"own":[159],"experts.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
