{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122166962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1041624.1041673","title":"A multi-national study of reading and tracing skills in novice programmers","display_name":"A multi-national study of reading and tracing skills in novice programmers","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122166962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1041624.1041673","mag":"2122166962"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1041624.1041673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1041624.1041673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170956","display_name":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin","issn_l":"0097-8418","issn":["0097-8418","2331-3927"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/4126/3/2004000904.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047100005","display_name":"Raymond Lister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5780-0445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raymond Lister","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology, Sydney Broadway, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney Broadway, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111805900","display_name":"Elizabeth Adams","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11883440","display_name":"James Madison University","ror":"https://ror.org/028pmsz77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth S. Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110494164","display_name":"Sue Fitzgerald","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99069390","display_name":"Metropolitan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/056rp9e47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91221267","https://openalex.org/I99069390"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sue Fitzgerald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Metropolitan State University, St. Paul, MN","Metropolitan State University, St. Paul, MN#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Metropolitan State University, St. Paul, MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99069390"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Metropolitan State University, St. Paul, MN#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99069390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055574323","display_name":"William Fone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Fone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Staffordshire University, Stafford, ST, United Kingdom","Staffordshire University, Stafford, ST, United Kingdom#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Staffordshire University, Stafford, ST, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Staffordshire University, Stafford, ST, United Kingdom#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109191173","display_name":"John Hamer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Hamer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055838554","display_name":"Morten Lindholm","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morten Lindholm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002453469","display_name":"Robert McCartney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5412-2626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert McCartney","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011294347","display_name":"Jan Erik Mostr\u00f6m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8171-0499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Erik Mostr\u00f6m","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ume\u00e1 University, Ume\u00e1, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ume\u00e1 University, Ume\u00e1, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033045269","display_name":"Kate Sanders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-1843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53118340","display_name":"Rhode Island College","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5gt570","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53118340"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196272386","display_name":"Providence College","ror":"https://ror.org/00rxpqe74","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196272386"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kate Sanders","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rhode Island College, Providence, RI"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rhode Island College, Providence, RI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53118340","https://openalex.org/I196272386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044303151","display_name":"Otto Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4694-9580"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Otto Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helsinki University of Technology, TKK, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helsinki University of Technology, TKK, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073282285","display_name":"Beth Simon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160856358","display_name":"University of San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/03jbbze48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160856358"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beth Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of San Diego, San Diego, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of San Diego, San Diego, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160856358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102065408","display_name":"Lynda Thomas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97429440","display_name":"University of Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/01se4f844","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97429440"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16038530","display_name":"Aberystwyth University","ror":"https://ror.org/015m2p889","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16038530"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lynda Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wales, Aberystwyth","University of Wales, Aberystwyth#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wales, Aberystwyth","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97429440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wales, Aberystwyth#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16038530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047100005"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":46.8433,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":530,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99905267,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"4","first_page":"119","last_page":"150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grasp","display_name":"GRASP","score":0.8082246780395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desk","display_name":"Desk","score":0.7798085808753967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6793742179870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6565006375312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6499768495559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.6444825530052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6294741630554199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.5563963055610657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.5200769305229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.49213331937789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3372395634651184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2522890567779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0726647675037384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.8082246780395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776545233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064858","display_name":"Desk","level":2,"score":0.7798085808753967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6793742179870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6565006375312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6499768495559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.6444825530052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6294741630554199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5563963055610657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5200769305229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.49213331937789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3372395634651184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2522890567779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0726647675037384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1041624.1041673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1041624.1041673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170956","display_name":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin","issn_l":"0097-8418","issn":["0097-8418","2331-3927"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGCSE Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/4126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/4126","pdf_url":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/4126/3/2004000904.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.110.5796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.110.5796","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/~bsimon/pubs/papers/2004iticseworkinggroupfinal.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.135.2655","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.135.2655","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~j-hamer/ITiCSE04-wg.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/4126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/4126","pdf_url":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/4126/3/2004000904.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2122166962.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2122166962.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W166030446","https://openalex.org/W182445296","https://openalex.org/W1495276113","https://openalex.org/W1497393863","https://openalex.org/W1501367599","https://openalex.org/W1513708602","https://openalex.org/W1541866506","https://openalex.org/W1566687144","https://openalex.org/W1597828109","https://openalex.org/W1615097079","https://openalex.org/W1783449014","https://openalex.org/W1920334038","https://openalex.org/W1983193319","https://openalex.org/W2000088790","https://openalex.org/W2008256325","https://openalex.org/W2031681640","https://openalex.org/W2033086912","https://openalex.org/W2058580210","https://openalex.org/W2072481707","https://openalex.org/W2104916970","https://openalex.org/W2120704737","https://openalex.org/W2121811750","https://openalex.org/W2133247167","https://openalex.org/W2138432297","https://openalex.org/W2168795140","https://openalex.org/W4239169918","https://openalex.org/W4251415961","https://openalex.org/W6675868408"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163296013","https://openalex.org/W165915117","https://openalex.org/W2326995835","https://openalex.org/W2743859443","https://openalex.org/W2059402478","https://openalex.org/W2123347777","https://openalex.org/W4387804363","https://openalex.org/W2477150073","https://openalex.org/W2019547100","https://openalex.org/W4387947522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,28],"study":[1],"by":[2,112],"a":[3,51,66,77,134,166,187,194],"ITiCSE":[4,104],"2001":[5],"working":[6,106],"group":[7,107],"(\"the":[8],"McCracken":[9],"Group\")":[10],"established":[11],"that":[12,35,73,183,192],"many":[13,74],"students":[14,37,75,114,122,140,172,185],"do":[15],"not":[16],"know":[17],"how":[18],"to":[19,41,49,88,128,157],"program":[20],"at":[21,175],"the":[22,36,39,47,63,86,109,130,148,159,163,179],"conclusion":[23],"of":[24,80,132,137,151,154,162,169,190],"their":[25,126,144],"introductory":[26],"courses.":[27],"popular":[29],"explanation":[30,71],"for":[31,196],"this":[32],"incapacity":[33],"is":[34,72],"lack":[38,46],"ability":[40,48,87,127],"problem-solve.":[42],"That":[43],"is,":[44],"they":[45],"take":[50],"problem":[52],"description,":[53],"decompose":[54],"it":[55],"into":[56,65],"sub-problems":[57],"and":[58,85],"implement":[59],"them,":[60],"then":[61],"assemble":[62],"pieces":[64],"complete":[67],"solution.":[68],"An":[69],"alternative":[70,110],"have":[76,186],"fragile":[78,188],"grasp":[79,189],"both":[81],"basic":[82],"programming":[83,93],"principles":[84],"systematically":[89],"carry":[90],"out":[91],"routine":[92],"tasks,":[94,177],"such":[95,184],"as":[96],"tracing":[97],"(or":[98],"\"desk":[99],"checking\")":[100],"through":[101],"code.":[102,138],"This":[103],"2004":[105],"studied":[108],"explanation,":[111],"testing":[113],"from":[115,165],"seven":[116],"countries,":[117],"in":[118],"two":[119],"ways.":[120],"First,":[121],"were":[123,141,173],"tested":[124,142],"on":[125,143],"predict":[129],"outcome":[131],"executing":[133],"short":[135,152],"piece":[136,153],"Second,":[139],"ability,":[145],"when":[146],"given":[147],"desired":[149],"function":[150],"near-complete":[155],"code,":[156],"select":[158],"correct":[160],"completion":[161],"code":[164],"small":[167],"set":[168],"possibilities.":[170],"Many":[171],"weak":[174],"these":[176],"especially":[178],"latter":[180],"task,":[181],"suggesting":[182],"skills":[191],"are":[193],"prerequisite":[195],"problem-solving.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":25}],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T08:17:42.794288","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
