{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012241589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1029632.1029640","title":"SHARK <sup>2</sup>","display_name":"SHARK <sup>2</sup>","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012241589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1029632.1029640","mag":"2012241589"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1029632.1029640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1029632.1029640","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055396829","display_name":"Per-Ola Kristensson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per-Ola Kristensson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Link\u00f6pings universitet, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden and IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Link\u00f6pings universitet, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden and IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005293560","display_name":"Shumin Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-2090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shumin Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose , CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose , CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4339,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":414,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97628355,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"43","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.8330713510513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7655586004257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stylus","display_name":"Stylus","score":0.7068018913269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.583105742931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5580605268478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.546146035194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.47305241227149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.47247645258903503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.45950931310653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.4416906535625458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.36523205041885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33553391695022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.19129127264022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15265750885009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08876147866249084}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.8330713510513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7655586004257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164086593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227035","display_name":"Stylus","level":2,"score":0.7068018913269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.583105742931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5580605268478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.546146035194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.47305241227149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.47247645258903503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.45950931310653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.4416906535625458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.36523205041885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33553391695022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.19129127264022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15265750885009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08876147866249084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1029632.1029640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1029632.1029640","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182831726","https://openalex.org/W1579838312","https://openalex.org/W1595581172","https://openalex.org/W1991691398","https://openalex.org/W1996212617","https://openalex.org/W2007062046","https://openalex.org/W2018309227","https://openalex.org/W2019036574","https://openalex.org/W2020725915","https://openalex.org/W2033288247","https://openalex.org/W2035675819","https://openalex.org/W2047819184","https://openalex.org/W2050188448","https://openalex.org/W2052570369","https://openalex.org/W2054731618","https://openalex.org/W2055075080","https://openalex.org/W2055634888","https://openalex.org/W2101457268","https://openalex.org/W2110234508","https://openalex.org/W2117072511","https://openalex.org/W2121178211","https://openalex.org/W2125904902","https://openalex.org/W2128793953","https://openalex.org/W2133495565","https://openalex.org/W2138879556","https://openalex.org/W2142069714","https://openalex.org/W2153360297","https://openalex.org/W2158391167","https://openalex.org/W2166565937","https://openalex.org/W2315761891","https://openalex.org/W2752491485","https://openalex.org/W2799061466","https://openalex.org/W4210916243","https://openalex.org/W4230946174","https://openalex.org/W4233649860","https://openalex.org/W6607467106","https://openalex.org/W6648519924","https://openalex.org/W7014191107"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4233073095","https://openalex.org/W2902873204","https://openalex.org/W2185750513","https://openalex.org/W3147379364","https://openalex.org/W2010878661","https://openalex.org/W2026258298","https://openalex.org/W3204639664","https://openalex.org/W2970836791","https://openalex.org/W2805039731","https://openalex.org/W2989699735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Zhai":[0],"and":[1,22,63,78,84,89,102],"Kristensson":[2],"(2003)":[3],"presented":[4],"a":[5,16,44,54,61,92],"method":[6],"of":[7,38,91],"speed-writing":[8],"for":[9,19,24],"pen-based":[10],"computing":[11],"which":[12],"utilizes":[13],"gesturing":[14],"on":[15,74],"stylus":[17],"keyboard":[18],"familiar":[20],"words":[21],"tapping":[23],"others.":[25],"In":[26],"SHARK<sup>2</sup>:,":[27],"we":[28,82],"eliminated":[29],"the":[30,35,75,86],"necessity":[31],"to":[32,50,70],"alternate":[33],"between":[34],"two":[36],"modes":[37],"writing,":[39],"allowing":[40],"any":[41],"word":[42],"in":[43],"large":[45],"vocabulary":[46],"(e.g.":[47],"10,000-20,000":[48],"words)":[49],"be":[51],"entered":[52],"as":[53],"shorthand":[55],"gesture.":[56],"This":[57],"new":[58],"paradigm":[59],"supports":[60],"gradual":[62],"seamless":[64],"transition":[65],"from":[66],"visually":[67],"guided":[68],"tracing":[69],"recall-based":[71],"gesturing.":[72],"Based":[73],"use":[76],"characteristics":[77],"human":[79],"performance":[80,103],"observations,":[81],"designed":[83],"implemented":[85],"architecture,":[87],"algorithms":[88],"interfaces":[90],"high-capacity":[93],"multi-channel":[94],"pen-gesture":[95],"recognition":[96],"system.":[97],"The":[98],"system's":[99],"key":[100],"components":[101],"are":[104],"also":[105],"reported.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":28}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}