{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117013146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1028788.1028817","title":"Robust synchronization of software clocks across the internet","display_name":"Robust synchronization of software clocks across the internet","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117013146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1028788.1028817","mag":"2117013146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1028788.1028817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1028788.1028817","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/110272","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010299607","display_name":"Darryl Veitch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8163-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Darryl Veitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007136458","display_name":"S. Vinayaka Babu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satish Babu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India","Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi,India#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi,India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029530284","display_name":"Attila P\u00e1sztor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6016-3069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306339040","display_name":"Ericsson (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/05a7rhx54","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131589","display_name":"Ericsson (Hungary)","ror":"https://ror.org/03c0yyz21","country_code":"HU","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210131589"]}],"countries":["HU","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Attila P\u00e0sztor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ericsson Hungary R&D, Budapest, Hungary","Ericsson Hungary R&D, Budapest, Hungary#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Hungary R&D, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131589"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Hungary R&D, Budapest, Hungary#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010299607"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2342,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94640758,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"219","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-time-protocol","display_name":"Network Time Protocol","score":0.8972979784011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7687742114067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timestamp","display_name":"Timestamp","score":0.7445553541183472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.6954257488250732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drift","display_name":"Clock drift","score":0.6842166185379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6135873198509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5931239724159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5548756122589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.49860668182373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timing-failure","display_name":"Timing failure","score":0.4867420196533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4759090542793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-clock-manager","display_name":"Digital clock manager","score":0.45487651228904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-timing-analysis","display_name":"Static timing analysis","score":0.43963056802749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.42288002371788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-skew","display_name":"Clock skew","score":0.38046783208847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3620940148830414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2908931374549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.15654850006103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15614959597587585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-synchronization","display_name":"Time synchronization","score":0.1171826422214508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178148046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217491","display_name":"Network Time Protocol","level":3,"score":0.8972979784011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7687742114067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.7445553541183472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.6954257488250732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155837451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069144","display_name":"Clock drift","level":5,"score":0.6842166185379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6135873198509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5931239724159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5548756122589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.49860668182373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104654189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806740","display_name":"Timing failure","level":5,"score":0.4867420196533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4759090542793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113074038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276052","display_name":"Digital clock manager","level":5,"score":0.45487651228904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93682380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025226","display_name":"Static timing analysis","level":2,"score":0.43963056802749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.42288002371788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60501442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382014","display_name":"Clock skew","level":4,"score":0.38046783208847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3620940148830414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2908931374549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.15654850006103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15614959597587585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986737936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791","display_name":"Time synchronization","level":2,"score":0.1171826422214508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1028788.1028817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1028788.1028817","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:110272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/110272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:110272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/110272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320974","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W220277742","https://openalex.org/W1995363530","https://openalex.org/W2016054673","https://openalex.org/W2091483166","https://openalex.org/W2104271238","https://openalex.org/W2119665914","https://openalex.org/W2152444960","https://openalex.org/W2170715240","https://openalex.org/W2773432042","https://openalex.org/W4205241946","https://openalex.org/W6608777617"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497331638","https://openalex.org/W2292909929","https://openalex.org/W4231008241","https://openalex.org/W2125201667","https://openalex.org/W4247089581","https://openalex.org/W2133326759","https://openalex.org/W2787237207","https://openalex.org/W60672686","https://openalex.org/W4283816174","https://openalex.org/W4387123206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate,":[0],"reliable":[1],"timestamping":[2],"which":[3,25,43,76,185],"is":[4,9,61,77,86],"also":[5,78,163],"convenient":[6],"and":[7,19,57,110,115,201],"inexpensive":[8],"needed":[10],"in":[11,29,44,90,96],"many":[12,190],"important":[13],"areas":[14],"including":[15,192],"real-time":[16],"network":[17,20,202],"applications":[18],"measurement.Recently":[21],"the":[22,36,97,111,121,137,168,175,178],"TSC":[23,73,116],"register,":[24],"counts":[26],"CPU":[27],"cycles":[28],"popular":[30],"PC":[31],"architectures,":[32],"was":[33],"proposed":[34],"as":[35,50,52],"basis":[37],"of":[38,46,100,146,171,177],"a":[39,72,91,107,131,143,152],"new":[40,165],"software":[41,113],"clock":[42,59,75,85,172],"terms":[45],"rate":[47,60],"performance":[48],"performs":[49],"well":[51],"more":[53],"expensive":[54],"GPS":[55,132],"alternatives.Smooth":[56],"precise":[58],"essential":[62],"to":[63,70,82,181,189],"measure":[64],"time":[65,141],"differences":[66],"accurately.We":[67],"show":[68],"how":[69],"define":[71],"based":[74],"accurate":[79],"with":[80,130,142],"respect":[81],"absolute":[83,140],"time.The":[84],"calibrated":[87],"by":[88],"processing,":[89],"novel":[92],"way,":[93],"timestamps":[94,117],"contained":[95],"usual":[98],"flow":[99],"Network":[101],"Time":[102],"Protocol":[103],"(NTP)":[104],"packets":[105],"between":[106],"NTP":[108,155],"server":[109,195],"existing":[112],"clock,":[114],"made":[118],"independently":[119],"on":[120],"host":[122],"side.Using":[123],"real":[124],"measurements":[125],"over":[126],"4":[127],"months,":[128],"validated":[129],"synchronized":[133],"hardware":[134,180],"timing":[135],"solution,":[136],"algorithm":[138],"measured":[139],"median":[144],"error":[145],"only":[147],"30":[148],"microseconds":[149],"when":[150],"using":[151],"nearby":[153],"stratum-1":[154],"server.Results":[156],"for":[157,167],"two":[158],"other":[159],"servers":[160],"are":[161,186],"given.We":[162],"provide":[164],"algorithms":[166,184],"robust":[169,188],"determination":[170],"rate.We":[173],"exploit":[174],"reliability":[176],"available":[179],"design":[182],"synchronization":[183],"inherently":[187],"factors":[191],"packet":[193],"loss,":[194],"outages,":[196],"route":[197],"changes,":[198],"temperature":[199],"environment,":[200],"congestion.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}