{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2132719795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015804","title":"A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances","display_name":"A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2132719795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015804","mag":"2132719795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1015706.1015804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023525118","display_name":"Kurt Akeley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt Akeley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074509571","display_name":"Simon J. Watt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-4767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon J. Watt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027178725","display_name":"Ahna R. Girshick","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahna Reza Girshick","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089909134","display_name":"Martin S. Banks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4914-1229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin S. Banks","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.9004,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":313,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98382969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"804","last_page":"813"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autostereoscopy","display_name":"Autostereoscopy","score":0.8640621900558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7430407404899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7386252284049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specularity","display_name":"Specularity","score":0.7083160281181335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6906055212020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.613103985786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-field","display_name":"Light field","score":0.5738134384155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5735806822776794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics","score":0.50660240650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereoscopy","display_name":"Stereoscopy","score":0.4710801839828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereopsis","display_name":"Stereopsis","score":0.4478864073753357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.4156947731971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-of-field","display_name":"Depth of field","score":0.4135668873786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereo-display","display_name":"Stereo display","score":0.4132798910140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1628856062889099}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39303567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7462910","display_name":"Autostereoscopy","level":3,"score":0.8640621900558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7430407404899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7386252284049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779456664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q972162","display_name":"Specularity","level":3,"score":0.7083160281181335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6906055212020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.613103985786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48983235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593161","display_name":"Light field","level":2,"score":0.5738134384155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5735806822776794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.50660240650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126057942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35158","display_name":"Stereoscopy","level":2,"score":0.4710801839828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68537008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247932","display_name":"Stereopsis","level":2,"score":0.4478864073753357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.4156947731971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183072630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215932","display_name":"Depth of field","level":2,"score":0.4135668873786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1223959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191960","display_name":"Stereo display","level":2,"score":0.4132798910140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1628856062889099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118381688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079524","display_name":"Specular reflection","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1015706.1015804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.605.1959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.605.1959","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://bankslab.berkeley.edu/publications/space_perception/PDFs/stereo_display_prototype04.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W200435027","https://openalex.org/W268672310","https://openalex.org/W1482231600","https://openalex.org/W1540682689","https://openalex.org/W1579198843","https://openalex.org/W1622427076","https://openalex.org/W1678141221","https://openalex.org/W1955097852","https://openalex.org/W2006738489","https://openalex.org/W2006885966","https://openalex.org/W2008160574","https://openalex.org/W2013530494","https://openalex.org/W2023110848","https://openalex.org/W2023453940","https://openalex.org/W2023546862","https://openalex.org/W2042905015","https://openalex.org/W2047163732","https://openalex.org/W2050796351","https://openalex.org/W2066631123","https://openalex.org/W2074783272","https://openalex.org/W2079954725","https://openalex.org/W2082582445","https://openalex.org/W2085192764","https://openalex.org/W2087983910","https://openalex.org/W2089993514","https://openalex.org/W2101163831","https://openalex.org/W2122739566","https://openalex.org/W2123546201","https://openalex.org/W2136299035","https://openalex.org/W2148329528","https://openalex.org/W2168554490","https://openalex.org/W2206042651","https://openalex.org/W2245898903","https://openalex.org/W2342507821","https://openalex.org/W2750259494","https://openalex.org/W6608086592","https://openalex.org/W6632232442","https://openalex.org/W6636823979","https://openalex.org/W6989176357","https://openalex.org/W7008648571","https://openalex.org/W7028095835"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045934666","https://openalex.org/W123071747","https://openalex.org/W2081462410","https://openalex.org/W2086131105","https://openalex.org/W2550503817","https://openalex.org/W2332593482","https://openalex.org/W2577177034","https://openalex.org/W2334078434","https://openalex.org/W3142456067","https://openalex.org/W2078781203"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Typical":[0],"stereo":[1,19,142],"displays":[2,33,70],"provide":[3],"incorrect":[4],"focus":[5,36],"cues":[6,37],"because":[7,42],"the":[8,48,72],"light":[9,43],"comes":[10,44],"from":[11,45,55],"a":[12,17,114,124,129,147],"single":[13],"surface.":[14],"We":[15],"describe":[16],"prototype":[18,121],"display":[20,95,122,143],"comprising":[21],"two":[22],"independent":[23],"fixed-viewpoint":[24,31,68],"volumetric":[25,29,32,65,69],"displays.":[26],"Like":[27],"autostereoscopic":[28,64],"displays,":[30,66],"generate":[34],"near-correct":[35],"without":[38],"tracking":[39],"eye":[40],"position,":[41],"sources":[46],"at":[47,59],"correct":[49],"focal":[50],"distances.":[51],"(In":[52],"our":[53,120],"prototype,":[54],"three":[56],"image":[57],"planes":[58],"different":[60],"physical":[61],"distances.)":[62],"Unlike":[63],"however,":[67],"retain":[71],"qualities":[73],"of":[74,103,107,126,140,150],"modern":[75,90],"projective":[76],"graphics:":[77],"view-dependent":[78],"lighting":[79],"effects":[80],"such":[81],"as":[82],"occlusion,":[83],"specularity,":[84],"and":[85,93,100,105,128,138],"reflection":[86],"are":[87,144],"correctly":[88],"depicted;":[89],"graphics":[91],"processor":[92],"2-D":[94],"technology":[96],"can":[97,109],"be":[98,110],"utilized;":[99],"realistic":[101],"fields":[102],"view":[104],"depths":[106],"field":[108],"implemented.":[111],"While":[112],"not":[113],"practical":[115],"solution":[116],"for":[117,131],"general-purpose":[118],"viewing,":[119],"is":[123],"proof":[125],"concept":[127],"platform":[130],"ongoing":[132],"vision":[133],"research.":[134],"The":[135],"design,":[136],"implementation,":[137],"verification":[139],"this":[141],"described,":[145],"including":[146],"novel":[148],"technique":[149],"filtering":[151],"along":[152],"visual":[153],"lines":[154],"using":[155],"1-D":[156],"texture":[157],"mapping.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
