{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997091654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015789","title":"GADGET","display_name":"GADGET","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997091654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015789","mag":"1997091654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1015706.1015789","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066568444","display_name":"James Fogarty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9194-934X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Fogarty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039238746","display_name":"Scott E. Hudson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-3251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott E. Hudson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066568444"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6743,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69079246,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"730","last_page":"730"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gadget","display_name":"Gadget","score":0.9657906293869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8631727695465088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6213474869728088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.5282822251319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.5039286017417908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3899292051792145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3683178424835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2054148018360138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.11219364404678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09192472696304321}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119770614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5516347","display_name":"Gadget","level":2,"score":0.9657906293869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8631727695465088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6213474869728088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.5282822251319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.5039286017417908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3899292051792145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3683178424835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2054148018360138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.11219364404678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09192472696304321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1015706.1015789","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589232796","https://openalex.org/W1967465830","https://openalex.org/W1969684495","https://openalex.org/W1974477081","https://openalex.org/W1979853448","https://openalex.org/W1990597096","https://openalex.org/W1991980838","https://openalex.org/W1993593321","https://openalex.org/W2003511471","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2030803039","https://openalex.org/W2035062611","https://openalex.org/W2043924273","https://openalex.org/W2046099185","https://openalex.org/W2073536284","https://openalex.org/W2076265641","https://openalex.org/W2078328646","https://openalex.org/W2081899208","https://openalex.org/W2102400845","https://openalex.org/W2102664288","https://openalex.org/W2105297890","https://openalex.org/W2161585035","https://openalex.org/W2233207476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4252293060","https://openalex.org/W4212943538","https://openalex.org/W2475971442","https://openalex.org/W4312756098","https://openalex.org/W3194202522","https://openalex.org/W4319586723","https://openalex.org/W2206440698","https://openalex.org/W3091274767","https://openalex.org/W4295163867","https://openalex.org/W3109836769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"work":[1],"is":[2,56,84],"beginning":[3],"to":[4,14,31,39,46,88,94,114,193],"reveal":[5],"the":[6,59,149,182,188],"potential":[7,49,130],"of":[8,26,61,152,177,190],"numerical":[9],"optimization":[10,82,90],"as":[11,91],"an":[12,85,92,111,119,169],"approach":[13,93],"generating":[15],"interfaces":[16],"and":[17,29,96,106,174,180,195],"displays.":[18],"Optimization-based":[19],"approaches":[20,192],"can":[21],"often":[22],"allow":[23],"a":[24,155,159,175],"mix":[25],"independent":[27],"goals":[28],"constraints":[30],"be":[32,115],"blended":[33],"in":[34,53,154],"ways":[35],"that":[36,137],"are":[37,125,138,145],"difficult":[38],"describe":[40],"algorithmically.":[41],"While":[42],"optimization-based":[43,191],"techniques":[44],"appear":[45],"offer":[47],"several":[48],"advantages,":[50],"further":[51],"research":[52],"this":[54],"area":[55],"hampered":[57],"by":[58,185],"lack":[60],"appropriate":[62],"tools.":[63],"Optimization":[64],"toolkits":[65],"do":[66],"exist,":[67],"but":[68],"they":[69,76],"typically":[70,134],"require":[71],"substantial":[72],"specialized":[73],"knowledge":[74],"because":[75],"have":[77],"been":[78],"designed":[79],"for":[80,127,147,164],"traditional":[81],"problems.GADGET":[83],"experimental":[86],"toolkit":[87],"support":[89,163],"interface":[95,194],"display":[97,196],"generation.":[98,197],"GADGET":[99,186],"provides":[100],"three":[101],"core":[102],"abstractions,":[103],"initializers,":[104],"iterations,":[105],"evaluations.":[107],"An":[108],"initializer":[109],"creates":[110],"initial":[112],"solution":[113,131],"optimized,":[116],"based":[117],"on":[118],"existing":[120],"algorithm":[121],"or":[122],"randomly.":[123],"Iterations":[124],"responsible":[126],"transforming":[128],"one":[129],"into":[132],"another,":[133],"using":[135],"methods":[136],"at":[139],"least":[140],"partially":[141],"random.":[142],"Finally,":[143],"evaluations":[144],"used":[146],"judging":[148],"different":[150],"notions":[151],"goodness":[153],"solution.":[156],"Together":[157],"with":[158,168],"evaluation":[160,172],"standardization":[161],"framework,":[162,173],"generic":[165],"properties":[166],"integrated":[167],"efficient":[170],"lazy":[171],"library":[176],"reusable":[178],"iterations":[179],"evaluations,":[181],"abstractions":[183],"provided":[184],"simplify":[187],"development":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
