{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2113275166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015772","title":"An intuitive framework for real-time freeform modeling","display_name":"An intuitive framework for real-time freeform modeling","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2113275166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015772","mag":"2113275166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1015706.1015772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033450578","display_name":"Mario Botsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9954-120X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mario Botsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University","[Rwth Aachen University]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Rwth Aachen University]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036300670","display_name":"Leif Kobbelt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7880-9470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leif Kobbelt","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University","[Rwth Aachen University]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Rwth Aachen University]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033450578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":41.8202,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":255,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99969906,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"630","last_page":"634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11245","display_name":"Advanced Numerical Analysis Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygon-mesh","display_name":"Polygon mesh","score":0.6927905678749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6806156039237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.529137909412384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis-function","display_name":"Basis function","score":0.5176823139190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.5072693228721619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothness","display_name":"Smoothness","score":0.4500220715999603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piecewise","display_name":"Piecewise","score":0.44981908798217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.44603586196899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalar","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","score":0.4423113763332367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4409193992614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shape-optimization","display_name":"Shape optimization","score":0.4273843467235565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-representation","display_name":"Boundary representation","score":0.4108123779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.347627729177475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.22264763712882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2115478813648224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.21028098464012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.1380985975265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-element-method","display_name":"Finite element method","score":0.11255019903182983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31487907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154597","display_name":"Polygon mesh","level":2,"score":0.6927905678749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6806156039237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.529137909412384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5917680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621825","display_name":"Basis function","level":2,"score":0.5176823139190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5072693228721619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102634674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868473","display_name":"Smoothness","level":2,"score":0.4500220715999603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164660894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037833","display_name":"Piecewise","level":2,"score":0.44981908798217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.44603586196899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57691317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4423113763332367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4409193992614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29513896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7489239","display_name":"Shape optimization","level":3,"score":0.4273843467235565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117258860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q895153","display_name":"Boundary representation","level":3,"score":0.4108123779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.347627729177475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.22264763712882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2115478813648224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.21028098464012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.1380985975265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.11255019903182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1015706.1015772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1015706.1015772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.3.4500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.3.4500","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-i8.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/publications/./../publications/downloads/modeling.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.librecat.org:1961716","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/1961716","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401671","display_name":"PUB \u2013 Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","host_organization_name":"Bielefeld University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Botsch M, Kobbelt L. An Intuitive Framework for Real-Time Freeform Modeling. <em>ACM Transactions on Graphics</em>. 2004;23(3):630-634.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:148731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/search?p=id:%22RWTH-CONV-027623%22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2004,","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493753901","https://openalex.org/W1626653188","https://openalex.org/W1973588708","https://openalex.org/W1976731160","https://openalex.org/W1981963587","https://openalex.org/W2000214666","https://openalex.org/W2015700958","https://openalex.org/W2064030298","https://openalex.org/W2088875936","https://openalex.org/W2096619076","https://openalex.org/W2098449997","https://openalex.org/W2099085357","https://openalex.org/W2102547268","https://openalex.org/W2104012382","https://openalex.org/W2165649407","https://openalex.org/W2233768585","https://openalex.org/W2237825899","https://openalex.org/W2250107905","https://openalex.org/W2997385702","https://openalex.org/W3000211808","https://openalex.org/W3005044133","https://openalex.org/W4214886506","https://openalex.org/W4236288244","https://openalex.org/W4246436910","https://openalex.org/W6654459259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2160065307","https://openalex.org/W3152481960","https://openalex.org/W2162298542","https://openalex.org/W2771563353","https://openalex.org/W1983932982","https://openalex.org/W2373236578","https://openalex.org/W1850320513","https://openalex.org/W4365456795","https://openalex.org/W4312435805","https://openalex.org/W1687284804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,115],"present":[1],"a":[2,42,52,133],"freeform":[3,29],"modeling":[4],"framework":[5],"for":[6,26,128],"unstructured":[7],"triangle":[8],"meshes":[9,130],"which":[10,48,150],"is":[11,19,49,59],"based":[12],"on":[13],"constraint":[14],"shape":[15,99],"optimization.":[16],"The":[17,33,56,69],"goal":[18],"to":[20,40,51,87,97,110,118,141],"simplify":[21],"the":[22,95,98,101,104,142,147,151,154],"user":[23,34,152],"interaction":[24],"even":[25,127],"quite":[27],"complex":[28,129],"or":[30],"multiresolution":[31],"modifications.":[32],"first":[35],"sets":[36],"various":[37],"boundary":[38,78],"constraints":[39],"define":[41],"custom":[43],"tailored":[44],"(abstract)":[45],"basis":[46,137],"function":[47],"adjusted":[50],"given":[53],"design":[54,125],"task.":[55],"actual":[57],"modification":[58,96],"then":[60],"controlled":[61],"by":[62,131,149],"moving":[63],"one":[64],"single":[65],"9-dof":[66],"manipulator":[67,148],"object.":[68],"technique":[70],"can":[71,107],"handle":[72],"arbitrary":[73],"support":[74,102],"regions":[75],"and":[76],"piecewise":[77],"conditions":[79],"with":[80,112],"smoothness":[81],"ranging":[82],"continuously":[83],"from":[84],"C":[85,88],"0":[86],"2":[89],".":[90],"To":[91],"more":[92],"naturally":[93],"adapt":[94],"of":[100,135,144,146],"region,":[103],"deformed":[105],"surface":[106],"be":[108],"tuned":[109],"bend":[111],"anisotropic":[113],"stiffness.":[114],"are":[116],"able":[117],"achieve":[119],"real-time":[120],"response":[121],"in":[122],"an":[123],"interactive":[124],"session":[126],"precomputing":[132],"set":[134],"scalar-valued":[136],"functions":[138],"that":[139],"correspond":[140],"degrees":[143],"freedom":[145],"controls":[153],"modification.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}