{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053125339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1007996.1008042","title":"Self-efficacy and mental models in learning to program","display_name":"Self-efficacy and mental models in learning to program","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053125339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1007996.1008042","mag":"2053125339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1007996.1008042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1007996.1008042","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual SIGCSE conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084039750","display_name":"V. Ramalingam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2193-6644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vennila Ramalingam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075143496","display_name":"Deborah LaBelle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah LaBelle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, Media, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, Media, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110194052","display_name":"Susan Wiedenbeck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Wiedenbeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084039750"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.8678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":278,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98351336,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"171","last_page":"175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-model","display_name":"Mental model","score":0.7058833837509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6939017176628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-representation","display_name":"Mental representation","score":0.5520383715629578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5395888686180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.5127881169319153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-efficacy","display_name":"Self-efficacy","score":0.47462618350982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.46684297919273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-effort","display_name":"Mental effort","score":0.4354902505874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4268478751182556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3302290141582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3287859559059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.3202897906303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.20867660641670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.1892053484916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17014706134796143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.1563243567943573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982912361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851867","display_name":"Mental model","level":2,"score":0.7058833837509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6939017176628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96199812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145290","display_name":"Mental representation","level":3,"score":0.5520383715629578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5395888686180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5127881169319153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110131835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153659","display_name":"Self-efficacy","level":2,"score":0.47462618350982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.46684297919273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985571061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Mental effort","level":3,"score":0.4354902505874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4268478751182556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3302290141582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3287859559059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3202897906303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.20867660641670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.1892053484916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17014706134796143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1563243567943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1007996.1008042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1007996.1008042","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th annual SIGCSE conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.605.7628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.605.7628","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.inf.udec.cl/~jlopez/FUNDPRO/MATERIALLAB/p171-mentalprogmod.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337380","display_name":"Division of Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/051fftw81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501367599","https://openalex.org/W1506670787","https://openalex.org/W1596801600","https://openalex.org/W1600825673","https://openalex.org/W1967022015","https://openalex.org/W1969138016","https://openalex.org/W2026563037","https://openalex.org/W2027585043","https://openalex.org/W2050116406","https://openalex.org/W2057136105","https://openalex.org/W2057642512","https://openalex.org/W2057834187","https://openalex.org/W2079905355","https://openalex.org/W2090184463","https://openalex.org/W2126512988","https://openalex.org/W2133247167","https://openalex.org/W2158747611","https://openalex.org/W2303413189","https://openalex.org/W3107271803"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4233911257","https://openalex.org/W1485178713","https://openalex.org/W260042339","https://openalex.org/W2621495850","https://openalex.org/W1553369406","https://openalex.org/W4205745483","https://openalex.org/W2153141636","https://openalex.org/W2057595011","https://openalex.org/W73795280","https://openalex.org/W2074480195"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"to":[1,25,44,82,102],"program":[2,26],"is":[3,12,35,56,111],"a":[4,46,49,57,76,120],"unique":[5],"experience":[6,116],"for":[7,109],"each":[8],"student,":[9],"and":[10,28,66,75,85,95,117,141,147],"it":[11],"not":[13],"fully":[14],"understood":[15],"why":[16],"one":[17],"person":[18],"in":[19],"an":[20,36,124],"introductory":[21,125],"programming":[22,99,110,115,126,138],"course":[23,150],"learns":[24],"better":[27],"more":[29],"quickly":[30],"than":[31],"the":[32,90,133,144],"next.":[33],"Self-efficacy":[34],"individual's":[37],"judgment":[38],"of":[39,62,92,98,137],"his":[40],"or":[41],"her":[42],"ability":[43],"perform":[45],"task":[47],"within":[48],"specific":[50],"domain":[51],"[1].":[52],"A":[53],"mental":[54,78,96,135,145],"model":[55,79,136,146],"person's":[58],"internal":[59],"(mental)":[60],"representation":[61],"real":[63],"world":[64],"objects":[65],"systems":[67],"[9].":[68],"Research":[69],"has":[70],"shown":[71],"that":[72,107,132,142],"high":[73],"self-efficacy":[74,94,108,140,148],"good":[77],"are":[80],"important":[81],"knowledge":[83],"acquisition":[84],"transfer.":[86],"This":[87],"research":[88],"investigates":[89],"effects":[91],"students'":[93],"models":[97],"on":[100],"learning":[101],"program.":[103],"The":[104,128],"results":[105,129],"show":[106,131],"influenced":[112],"by":[113],"previous":[114],"increases":[118],"as":[119],"student":[121],"progresses":[122],"through":[123],"course.":[127],"also":[130],"student's":[134],"influences":[139],"both":[143],"affect":[149],"performance.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}