{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405616406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2717554524500139","title":"A Flat-Span Contrastive Learning Method for Nested Named Entity Recognition","display_name":"A Flat-Span Contrastive Learning Method for Nested Named Entity Recognition","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405616406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2717554524500139"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s2717554524500139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2717554524500139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231678","display_name":"International Journal of Asian Language Processing","issn_l":"2424-791X","issn":["2424-791X","2717-5545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Asian Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110647782","display_name":"Yaodi Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaodi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7048-6566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8502-5081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8502-5081","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rong Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1808-9744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infocomm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 999002, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1808-9744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infocomm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 999002, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chenxi Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0339-3643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxi Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0339-3643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dianying Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6222-8520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dianying Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6222-8520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaohe Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4696-3645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohe Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4696-3645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3055,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67751031,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"01","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9549999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5332196950912476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4376399517059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.41719311475753784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/span","display_name":"Span (engineering)","score":0.41335156559944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13839071989059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.0907973051071167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5332196950912476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4376399517059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.41719311475753784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778753569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960395","display_name":"Span (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.41335156559944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13839071989059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0907973051071167}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s2717554524500139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2717554524500139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231678","display_name":"International Journal of Asian Language Processing","issn_l":"2424-791X","issn":["2424-791X","2717-5545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Asian Language Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/29163665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/29163665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2047477415","https://openalex.org/W2142384583","https://openalex.org/W2172240666","https://openalex.org/W2250710764","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2760146825","https://openalex.org/W2804221886","https://openalex.org/W2892252202","https://openalex.org/W2915716523","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962902328","https://openalex.org/W2962904552","https://openalex.org/W2963339489","https://openalex.org/W2963568202","https://openalex.org/W2989149555","https://openalex.org/W2998456908","https://openalex.org/W3034379414","https://openalex.org/W3034744126","https://openalex.org/W3035543689","https://openalex.org/W3096121092","https://openalex.org/W3096655658","https://openalex.org/W3109296849","https://openalex.org/W3131198033","https://openalex.org/W3138523474","https://openalex.org/W3153094102","https://openalex.org/W3170936934","https://openalex.org/W3173197807","https://openalex.org/W3177329835","https://openalex.org/W3199662997","https://openalex.org/W3217234484","https://openalex.org/W4225964816","https://openalex.org/W4286267511","https://openalex.org/W4297253404","https://openalex.org/W4313479953","https://openalex.org/W4322767126","https://openalex.org/W4390561443"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,173],"Natural":[1],"Language":[2],"Processing":[3],"(NLP),":[4],"it":[5],"is":[6,70,102,109],"common":[7],"for":[8,45],"one":[9],"entity":[10,98,116,195],"to":[11,72,81,94,111,122,192],"contain":[12],"another":[13],"entity,":[14],"i.e.,":[15],"nested":[16,31,46],"entities.":[17,32],"However,":[18],"the":[19,74,83,89,96,105,113,124,134,148,156,162,167,170,174,187],"most":[20],"commonly":[21],"used":[22,71,110],"methods":[23],"can":[24],"only":[25],"handle":[26],"flat":[27,57,67,135],"entities":[28,189],"but":[29],"not":[30],"To":[33],"solve":[34],"this":[35,37],"problem,":[36],"paper":[38],"proposes":[39],"a":[40,56,61],"flat-span":[41],"contrastive":[42,100],"learning":[43,101],"method":[44],"Named":[47],"Entity":[48],"Recognition":[49],"(NER),":[50],"which":[51],"consists":[52],"of":[53,86,158,169],"two":[54],"sub-modules:":[55],"NER":[58,68,136],"module":[59,69],"and":[60,77,88,104,118,127,137,151,161],"candidate":[62,138,175,183],"span":[63,139,176],"classification":[64,140,177],"module.":[65],"The":[66],"recognize":[73],"outermost":[75,97,188],"entities,":[76],"we":[78,131,179],"use":[79],"star-transformer":[80],"capture":[82],"long-range":[84],"dependencies":[85],"sentences,":[87],"Conditional":[90],"Random":[91],"Field":[92],"(CRF)":[93],"decode":[95],"spans,":[99],"introduced,":[103],"InfoNEC":[106],"loss":[107],"function":[108],"increase":[112],"difference":[114],"between":[115],"spans":[117,184,196],"nonentity":[119],"spans.":[120],"Finally,":[121],"improve":[123],"model":[125,171],"performance":[126],"reduce":[128],"error":[129],"propagation,":[130],"jointly":[132],"train":[133],"modules":[141],"through":[142],"multi-task":[143],"learning.":[144],"Experimental":[145],"results":[146],"on":[147,186],"GENIA,":[149],"GermEval2014,":[150],"JNLPBA":[152],"datasets":[153],"thoroughly":[154],"verify":[155],"effectiveness":[157,168],"our":[159],"model,":[160],"ablation":[163],"experiments":[164],"further":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"components.":[172],"module,":[178],"generate":[180],"all":[181],"possible":[182],"based":[185],"by":[190],"enumeration":[191],"better":[193],"distinguish":[194],"from":[197],"nonentity.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}