{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323851517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2705078522500205","title":"Do Machines Really Understand Meaning? (Again)","display_name":"Do Machines Really Understand Meaning? (Again)","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323851517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2705078522500205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s2705078522500205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2705078522500205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226713","display_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness","issn_l":"2705-0785","issn":["2705-0785","2705-0793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037233927","display_name":"Pietro Perconti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3633-098X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Perconti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, Messina 98121, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, Messina 98121, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020474912","display_name":"Alessio Plebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-061X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Plebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, Messina 98121, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, Messina 98121, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020474912"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.049,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80265935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"01","first_page":"181","last_page":"206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.7007983922958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.6736759543418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5290469527244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adventure","display_name":"Adventure","score":0.5273838043212891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5082525610923767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.4276618957519531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4185671806335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4130842685699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.4082663953304291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2469252347946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.15322652459144592}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.7007983922958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6736759543418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5290469527244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42133412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319221","display_name":"Adventure","level":2,"score":0.5273838043212891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5082525610923767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4276618957519531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4185671806335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4130842685699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4082663953304291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2469252347946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.15322652459144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s2705078522500205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2705078522500205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226713","display_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness","issn_l":"2705-0785","issn":["2705-0785","2705-0793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":127,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29163285","https://openalex.org/W41483342","https://openalex.org/W139407830","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1533375280","https://openalex.org/W1596318652","https://openalex.org/W1601567445","https://openalex.org/W1646531046","https://openalex.org/W1648383461","https://openalex.org/W1715013381","https://openalex.org/W1909189113","https://openalex.org/W1963597874","https://openalex.org/W1977196850","https://openalex.org/W1993487542","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2014151618","https://openalex.org/W2020755048","https://openalex.org/W2022585102","https://openalex.org/W2035250029","https://openalex.org/W2036614784","https://openalex.org/W2039234396","https://openalex.org/W2040036684","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2043103574","https://openalex.org/W2058616551","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2073373945","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2082568609","https://openalex.org/W2084336274","https://openalex.org/W2086789740","https://openalex.org/W2089947415","https://openalex.org/W2090270852","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2101926813","https://openalex.org/W2107019937","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2113312949","https://openalex.org/W2113534068","https://openalex.org/W2116360511","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2117731089","https://openalex.org/W2118373646","https://openalex.org/W2122609529","https://openalex.org/W2122988375","https://openalex.org/W2143075689","https://openalex.org/W2144862731","https://openalex.org/W2149194912","https://openalex.org/W2150227669","https://openalex.org/W2166206801","https://openalex.org/W2169316270","https://openalex.org/W2180809782","https://openalex.org/W2251410821","https://openalex.org/W2273969094","https://openalex.org/W2274405424","https://openalex.org/W2305313695","https://openalex.org/W2412114413","https://openalex.org/W2463955103","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2541443726","https://openalex.org/W2583729509","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2622826443","https://openalex.org/W2768648029","https://openalex.org/W2768878366","https://openalex.org/W2769779333","https://openalex.org/W2795732852","https://openalex.org/W2803259101","https://openalex.org/W2807915115","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2889853714","https://openalex.org/W2891267783","https://openalex.org/W2899832119","https://openalex.org/W2905623858","https://openalex.org/W2916562859","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921802966","https://openalex.org/W2927220769","https://openalex.org/W2929581986","https://openalex.org/W2930789748","https://openalex.org/W2944797580","https://openalex.org/W2946288588","https://openalex.org/W2963156201","https://openalex.org/W2963628590","https://openalex.org/W2963991316","https://openalex.org/W2964264262","https://openalex.org/W2966850307","https://openalex.org/W2967550017","https://openalex.org/W2979273157","https://openalex.org/W2993371911","https://openalex.org/W2996434783","https://openalex.org/W2996556191","https://openalex.org/W3004895274","https://openalex.org/W3021205237","https://openalex.org/W3034389353","https://openalex.org/W3034723486","https://openalex.org/W3036555122","https://openalex.org/W3099236585","https://openalex.org/W3100385063","https://openalex.org/W3100711616","https://openalex.org/W3106113101","https://openalex.org/W3110909889","https://openalex.org/W3112702808","https://openalex.org/W3120325630","https://openalex.org/W3126278993","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3136656403","https://openalex.org/W3137042839","https://openalex.org/W3175231742","https://openalex.org/W3183615570","https://openalex.org/W3194251018","https://openalex.org/W4211143215","https://openalex.org/W4221013138","https://openalex.org/W4232610889","https://openalex.org/W4233071312","https://openalex.org/W4234331195","https://openalex.org/W4237790298","https://openalex.org/W4244751360","https://openalex.org/W4247309576","https://openalex.org/W4252306240","https://openalex.org/W4252654026","https://openalex.org/W4252841574","https://openalex.org/W4289255825","https://openalex.org/W4294351233","https://openalex.org/W4300402905","https://openalex.org/W4301245915"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2605586341","https://openalex.org/W1967203325","https://openalex.org/W4302322097","https://openalex.org/W1491125066","https://openalex.org/W2089227341","https://openalex.org/W207990149","https://openalex.org/W2895885147","https://openalex.org/W2377023603","https://openalex.org/W76058928","https://openalex.org/W2117949008"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,109],"adventure":[1],"of":[2,68,118],"artificial":[3,152],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"is":[6,116,133],"based":[7,154],"on":[8,155],"a":[9],"revolutionary":[10],"idea,":[11],"namely,":[12],"that":[13,83,122],"machines":[14],"are":[15,97,112],"able":[16,129],"to":[17,55,130,143,148],"understand":[18],"and":[19,79,132],"produce":[20],"linguistic":[21],"acts":[22],"endowed":[23],"with":[24],"meaning.":[25],"Over":[26],"the":[27,36,106,119,123,149],"past":[28],"decades,":[29],"this":[30,89],"idea":[31],"has":[32],"gained":[33],"acceptance":[34],"in":[35,51,73,100,105],"scientific":[37,138],"community,":[38],"but":[39],"its":[40],"consequences":[41],"for":[42],"human":[43],"nature":[44],"were":[45,84],"not":[46,134],"really":[47],"appreciated.":[48],"Recent":[49],"developments":[50],"AI,":[52],"due":[53],"especially":[54],"Deep":[56],"Learning":[57],"(DL),":[58],"have":[59,91,127],"changed":[60],"things":[61],"dramatically":[62],"by":[63,136],"creating":[64],"computer":[65],"architectures":[66],"capable":[67],"performing":[69],"previously":[70],"impossible":[71],"tasks":[72],"areas":[74],"such":[75],"as":[76],"image":[77],"recognition":[78],"language":[80],"understanding.":[81],"Criticisms":[82],"raised":[85,114],"decades":[86],"ago":[87],"against":[88],"possibility":[90],"thus":[92],"been":[93,128],"revived.":[94],"These":[95],"criticisms":[96],"no":[98],"different":[99],"argument":[101],"from":[102],"those":[103],"made":[104],"first":[107],"place.":[108],"reason":[110],"they":[111],"being":[113],"again":[115],"because":[117],"social":[120],"impact":[121],"new":[124],"machine":[125],"performances":[126],"achieve,":[131],"driven":[135],"truly":[137],"reasons,":[139],"which":[140],"indeed":[141],"prove":[142],"be":[144],"inadequate":[145],"when":[146],"compared":[147],"more":[150],"recent":[151],"semantics":[153],"deep":[156],"neural":[157],"networks.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}