{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3020952438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2705078520300042","title":"Strong Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness","display_name":"Strong Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3020952438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2705078520300042","mag":"3020952438"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s2705078520300042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2705078520300042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226713","display_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness","issn_l":"2705-0785","issn":["2705-0785","2705-0793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111876288","display_name":"Gee Wah Ng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802950585","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02rvm6b03","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325159990","https://openalex.org/I2802950585"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gee Wah Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Home Team Science and Technology Agency (HTX), New Phoenix Park, 28 Irrawaddy Road, Singapore 329560, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Home Team Science and Technology Agency (HTX), New Phoenix Park, 28 Irrawaddy Road, Singapore 329560, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802950585"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084052659","display_name":"Wang Chi. Leung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802950585","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02rvm6b03","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325159990","https://openalex.org/I2802950585"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Chi Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Home Team Science and Technology Agency (HTX), New Phoenix Park, 28 Irrawaddy Road, Singapore 329560, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Home Team Science and Technology Agency (HTX), New Phoenix Park, 28 Irrawaddy Road, Singapore 329560, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802950585"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802950585"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1625,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93261667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"07","issue":"01","first_page":"63","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9527000188827515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9513999819755554,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-general-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","score":0.7598247528076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentience","display_name":"Sentience","score":0.7242682576179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.700933575630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6433940529823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","score":0.6374410390853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consciousness","display_name":"Consciousness","score":0.5838682651519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.5829689502716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/music-and-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Music and artificial intelligence","score":0.5814414024353027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-situated-approach","display_name":"Artificial intelligence, situated approach","score":0.5779427289962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5253835916519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-intelligence","display_name":"Human intelligence","score":0.5225836038589478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Symbolic artificial intelligence","score":0.4572432339191437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.4222780168056488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.42053452134132385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3282890319824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16994696855545044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.7598247528076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780865100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488994","display_name":"Sentience","level":2,"score":0.7242682576179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.700933575630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6433940529823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.6374410390853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.5838682651519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.5829689502716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91557362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16254165","display_name":"Music and artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.5814414024353027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207453521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801079","display_name":"Artificial intelligence, situated approach","level":2,"score":0.5779427289962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5253835916519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.5225836038589478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26205005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514059","display_name":"Symbolic artificial intelligence","level":3,"score":0.4572432339191437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4222780168056488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.42053452134132385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3282890319824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16994696855545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s2705078520300042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2705078520300042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226713","display_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness","issn_l":"2705-0785","issn":["2705-0785","2705-0793"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W657363873","https://openalex.org/W1518768877","https://openalex.org/W2103123037","https://openalex.org/W2161578649","https://openalex.org/W2510725918","https://openalex.org/W2766560519","https://openalex.org/W2910134306","https://openalex.org/W2910708815","https://openalex.org/W2964191491","https://openalex.org/W4230277160","https://openalex.org/W4250199001","https://openalex.org/W6829921284"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3049728495","https://openalex.org/W3036985664","https://openalex.org/W4205849245","https://openalex.org/W3020952438","https://openalex.org/W3187419061","https://openalex.org/W3199956551","https://openalex.org/W4385636287","https://openalex.org/W2215598029","https://openalex.org/W2020566467","https://openalex.org/W4313475473"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,51,69,94,133,175],"last":[2],"10":[3],"years,":[4],"Artificial":[5,85],"Intelligence":[6,87],"(AI)":[7],"has":[8,122],"seen":[9],"successes":[10],"in":[11,49,103],"fields":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,32],"natural":[15],"language":[16],"processing,":[17],"computer":[18],"vision,":[19],"speech":[20],"recognition,":[21],"robotics":[22],"and":[23,101,130,136,158,160,178],"autonomous":[24],"systems.":[25],"However,":[26],"these":[27],"advances":[28],"are":[29],"still":[30],"considered":[31],"Narrow":[33,115,171],"AI,":[34],"i.e.":[35,93],"AI":[36,77,83,107,116,141,172,188],"built":[37],"for":[38,183],"very":[39],"specific":[40],"or":[41,84,156],"constrained":[42],"applications.":[43],"These":[44],"applications":[45],"have":[46],"its":[47],"usefulness":[48],"improving":[50],"quality":[52],"of":[53,76,114,153,169],"human":[54,70],"life;":[55],"but":[56],"it":[57,121],"is":[58,79,108],"not":[59],"good":[60],"enough":[61],"to":[62,80,96,123,132,145],"do":[63],"highly":[64],"general":[65],"tasks":[66],"like":[67],"what":[68],"can":[71],"do.":[72],"The":[73,139],"holy":[74],"grail":[75],"research":[78,181],"develop":[81],"Strong":[82,106,140,184,187],"General":[86],"(AGI),":[88],"which":[89],"produces":[90],"human-level":[91],"intelligence,":[92,149],"ability":[95],"sense,":[97],"understand,":[98],"reason,":[99],"learn":[100],"act":[102],"dynamic":[104],"environments.":[105],"more":[109],"than":[110],"just":[111],"a":[112,125],"composition":[113],"technologies.":[117],"We":[118,191],"proposed":[119],"that":[120],"be":[124,143],"holistic":[126],"approach":[127],"towards":[128],"understanding":[129],"reacting":[131],"operating":[134],"environment":[135],"decision-making":[137],"process.":[138],"must":[142],"able":[144],"demonstrate":[146],"sentience,":[147],"emotional":[148],"imagination,":[150],"effective":[151],"command":[152],"other":[154],"machines":[155],"robots,":[157],"self-referring":[159],"self-reflecting":[161],"qualities.":[162],"This":[163],"paper":[164],"will":[165],"give":[166],"an":[167],"overview":[168],"current":[170],"capabilities,":[173],"present":[174],"technical":[176],"gaps,":[177],"highlight":[179],"future":[180],"directions":[182],"AI.":[185],"Could":[186],"become":[189],"conscious?":[190],"provide":[192],"some":[193],"discussion":[194],"pointers.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}