{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414024073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424922x25500081","title":"A Lightweight Methodology for MI EEG Classification Utilizing Step Scaled Wavelet Fractals and Bi-LSTM","display_name":"A Lightweight Methodology for MI EEG Classification Utilizing Step Scaled Wavelet Fractals and Bi-LSTM","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414024073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424922x25500081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s2424922x25500081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424922x25500081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189353","display_name":"Advances in Data Science and Adaptive Analysis","issn_l":"2424-922X","issn":["2424-922X","2424-9238"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Data Science and Adaptive Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007677974","display_name":"Balendra Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91357014","display_name":"Banaras Hindu University","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdn2797","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balendra Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1428-3729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Neeraj Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6610-7888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91357014","display_name":"Banaras Hindu University","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdn2797","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neeraj Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6610-7888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100915143","display_name":"Shiru Sharma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91357014","display_name":"Banaras Hindu University","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdn2797","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiru Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9935-7776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91357014"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10804388,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"03","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9595999717712402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9225000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.6892149448394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6602089405059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6082205176353455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal","display_name":"Fractal","score":0.6078043580055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.546189546585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5171443819999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.36084088683128357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17754292488098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1671164333820343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.1110096275806427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.6892149448394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6602089405059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6082205176353455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40636538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81392","display_name":"Fractal","level":2,"score":0.6078043580055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.546189546585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5171443819999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.36084088683128357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17754292488098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1671164333820343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.1110096275806427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s2424922x25500081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424922x25500081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189353","display_name":"Advances in Data Science and Adaptive Analysis","issn_l":"2424-922X","issn":["2424-922X","2424-9238"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Data Science and Adaptive Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2703590779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SEED/TIDE/2019/340","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334773","funder_display_name":"Science for Equity, Empowerment and Development Division"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334773","display_name":"Science for Equity, Empowerment and Development Division","ror":"https://ror.org/0101xrq71"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1596990491","https://openalex.org/W2006082701","https://openalex.org/W2034139177","https://openalex.org/W2036959900","https://openalex.org/W2061272711","https://openalex.org/W2075647286","https://openalex.org/W2075843680","https://openalex.org/W2087704839","https://openalex.org/W2098644279","https://openalex.org/W2102741279","https://openalex.org/W2135198734","https://openalex.org/W2145947508","https://openalex.org/W2149690083","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2169866873","https://openalex.org/W2330219538","https://openalex.org/W2520330983","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2778685442","https://openalex.org/W2883540729","https://openalex.org/W2947974121","https://openalex.org/W2994422921","https://openalex.org/W3004827935","https://openalex.org/W3035442710","https://openalex.org/W3135511716","https://openalex.org/W3175061495","https://openalex.org/W3210269077","https://openalex.org/W4221022811","https://openalex.org/W4255272544","https://openalex.org/W4299429830","https://openalex.org/W4300942166","https://openalex.org/W4320000551","https://openalex.org/W4387490400","https://openalex.org/W4402037270"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2922348724","https://openalex.org/W200322357","https://openalex.org/W2130428257","https://openalex.org/W4308951944","https://openalex.org/W2013332237","https://openalex.org/W2057366091","https://openalex.org/W4312960290","https://openalex.org/W2049513647","https://openalex.org/W2988848585","https://openalex.org/W4233722919"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain\u2013computer":[0],"interface":[1],"(BCI)":[2],"represents":[3],"a":[4],"cutting-edge":[5],"area":[6],"of":[7,37,44,61,86,137,163,213,221],"research":[8],"that":[9],"integrates":[10],"neuroscience,":[11],"engineering,":[12],"and":[13,25,58,72,84,115,127,187,195,204,223,231],"computer":[14],"science":[15],"to":[16,146],"establish":[17],"direct":[18],"communication":[19],"links":[20],"between":[21],"the":[22,35,41,59,79,95,118,129,135,155,161,164,207,214],"human":[23],"brain":[24],"external":[26],"systems.":[27],"BCI-based":[28],"technologies":[29],"hold":[30],"significant":[31],"promise,":[32],"particularly":[33],"in":[34,46,131,235],"development":[36],"prosthetic":[38],"devices.":[39,172],"However,":[40],"practical":[42],"application":[43],"BCI":[45,200],"real-time":[47],"scenarios":[48],"faces":[49],"several":[50],"obstacles,":[51],"including":[52],"bulky":[53],"models,":[54],"noise":[55],"interference,":[56],"artifacts,":[57,116],"complexity":[60],"motor":[62],"imagery":[63],"(MI)":[64],"electroencephalogram":[65],"(EEG)":[66],"data,":[67],"which":[68,109],"exhibits":[69,110],"both":[70],"inter-subject":[71,198,234],"intra-subject":[73,190,226],"variability.":[74],"To":[75],"address":[76],"these":[77],"challenges,":[78],"proposed":[80,103,179],"algorithm":[81],"utilizes":[82],"loading":[83],"pre-processing":[85],"MI":[87,148,167],"EEG,":[88],"extracts":[89],"their":[90,102],"common":[91],"spatial":[92],"patterns,":[93],"calculates":[94,117],"continuous":[96],"wavelet":[97,107,183],"transform":[98],"(CWT)":[99],"coefficients,":[100],"computes":[101],"step":[104,180],"scaled":[105,181],"mean":[106,182],"fractals":[108,184],"robustness":[111],"toward":[112],"inherent":[113],"noises":[114],"cross-correlation":[119,132],"matrix":[120],"at":[121],"different":[122],"scale":[123],"for":[124,166,189,197,225,233],"all":[125],"channels":[126],"observes":[128],"evolution":[130],"matrices":[133],"with":[134,178,210],"help":[136],"customized":[138,151],"Bidirectional":[139],"long-short":[140],"term":[141],"memory":[142],"(Bi-LSTM)":[143],"neural":[144],"network":[145],"classify":[147],"EEG.":[149],"The":[150,173],"Bi-LSTM":[152],"architecture":[153],"had":[154],"size":[156],"[Formula:":[157],"see":[158],"text]10MB,":[159],"showing":[160],"effectiveness":[162],"methodology":[165],"EEG":[168],"classification":[169,175],"utilizing":[170],"embedded-based":[171],"best":[174],"accuracies":[176],"achieved":[177],"were":[185],"87.75%":[186],"85.45%":[188],"as":[191,193,227,229],"well":[192,228],"76.16%":[194],"71.76%":[196],"on":[199],"Competition":[201],"IV":[202],"2b":[203],"2a,":[205],"respectively;":[206],"comparative":[208],"analysis":[209],"earlier":[211],"state":[212],"art":[215],"methods":[216],"showed":[217],"an":[218],"average":[219],"improvement":[220],"4.45%":[222],"2.79%":[224],"1.12%":[230],"6.6%":[232],"accuracy.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-09-06T00:00:00"}